Serological screening of selected microsporidia in HPV-positive women.

Microsporidiosis is considered to be emerging opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the specific serum antibodies to intestinal microsporidia Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in women with Human Papillomavirus HPV and without HPV by the indirect immunofluorescence (IFA). From total number of 669 examined women, 225 were HPV positive and 444 women HPV negative. Overall the study comprised of 10.8% women with positive result for presence of E. cuniculi antibodies. In group 1 (HPV-positive women) it was more than 28% and in group 2 (HPV-negative women) it was less than 2% (p<0.001). E. intestinalis infection was found in total of 4.48% women, in group 1 it was present in less than 6% and in group 2 in less than 4% of women.

Seroprevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in humans and animals.

The presence of antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (E. intestinalis) was examined in 215 samples from humans and in 488 samples from five different species of domestic and companion animals in Slovakia. The 215 human samples and samples from 90 swine, 123 non-infected cattle (cattle), 24 cattle infected with bovine leukosis virus (BLV-positive cattle), 140 sheep and 111 dogs were examined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples with serum titres 1:200 or higher were considered as positive. Specific anti-E. cuniculi antibodies were found in humans (0.9%), swine (52%), cattle (2%), sheep (9%) and dogs (15%) except for the BLV-positive cattle at the titre of 1:200. The titre of 1:400 was detected only in humans (0.5%). The presence of specific anti-E. intestinalis antibodies at the titre of 1:200 was confirmed in humans (6%), swine (51%), cattle (11%), BLV-positive cattle (13%) and dogs (6%) but not in sheep. The anti-E. intestinalis antibodies reached the 1:400 in humans (1%), swine (4%) and BLV-positive cattle (17%). The presence of specific anti-E. intestinalis antibodies at the titre of 1:600 was observed only in one swine (1%). Significant differences were observed in animals at titres 1:200 and 1:400 (chi-squared test: p<0.0001) for both pathogens and in humans only for E. cuniculi at the titre of 1:400 (chi-squared test: p<0.0075).

Serological screening of occurrence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in humans and animals in Eastern Slovakia.

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is one of the mamalian microsporidian pathogens that can affect a number of different species of animals as well as humans. The presence of specific serum antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi was studied in a group of animals and humans from Eastern Slovakia by the indirect immunofluorescence of antibodies (IFA). 456 people, 571 rabbits, 457 mice, 193 dogs, 72 cats, and 59 sheep were examined. Specific anti-E. cuniculi antibodies were found in 26 out of 456 human sera examined (5.7%). The highest occurrence of antimicrosporidial antibodies was found in the group of immunodeficiency patients - 37.5%. In the group of animals, the highest positivity was observed in rabbits - 41.7%, and in dogs - 37.8. The relative high prevalence, especially in rabbits and dogs as potential sources of microsporidial infection for humans, indicates the importance of performing the screening examinations in animals with aim of reducing or halting the spread of this disease.