ABSTRACT
Long-term care facilities (LTCF) were and are particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The dimensions of the outbreaks and the high mortality among residents led to massive restrictions in LTCFs, especially in the area of social contacts and activities but also in areas of medical care. With the start of vaccinations and the improved testing options, the situation has now changed and existing restrictions must be evaluated to determine whether they are still appropriate. In an interprofessional and interdisciplinary group of experts, considerations have been formulated on how a way back to normality could look like in LTCFs.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Humans , Long-Term Care , Pandemics/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of vascular and myocardial function. Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is reduced in mice overexpressing endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) suggesting cardioprotection by eNOS. Novel pharmacological substances, so called eNOS enhancers, upregulate eNOS expression and thereby increase NO production. We tested the effects of the eNOS enhancer AVE 9488 on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo in mice. After treatment with the eNOS enhancer AVE 9488 (30 mg/kg/day) or placebo for one week mice underwent 30 min of coronary artery ligation and 24 h of reperfusion in vivo. Ischemia-reperfusion damage was significantly reduced in mice treated with the eNOS enhancer when compared to placebo treated mice (infarct/area at risk 65.4 +/- 4.1 vs. 36.9 +/- 4.0%, placebo vs. eNOS enhancer, P = 0.0002). The protective effect was blunted in eNOS knockout mice treated with the eNOS enhancer (infarct/area at risk 64.1 +/- 6.2%, eNOS knockout + eNOS enhancer vs. WT + eNOS enhancer, P = ns). Reactive oxygen species were significantly reduced in mice treated with the eNOS enhancer as indicated by significantly lower malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid levels (placebo vs. eNOS enhancer, 3.2 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.07 micromol/l, P = 0.0003). Thus pharmacological interventions addressed to increase eNOS-derived NO production constitute a promising therapeutic approach to prevent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Subject(s)
Benzamides/pharmacology , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism , Animals , Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Female , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Immunohistochemistry , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Phosphoproteins/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Chronic type B and C hepatitis involves inflammatory lesions of a variable intensity and variably advanced fibrosis. Considering current, progressively growing requirements for correct evaluation of lesions in liver biopsies, an attempt was made to appraise suitability of selected techniques for a broadened histopathological diagnosis. The lesions were evaluated at the level of light and electron microscopy. Material for the study consisted of liver biopsies obtained from adults and children (n = 60) with serological markers of chronic type B or type C hepatitis. Routine techniques of staining for light and electron microscopy, as well as the techniques of Brachet and Feulgen, were applied. HBcAg expression and HBV-DNA detection in children with chronic type B hepatitis were studied employing the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) technique and in situ hybridisation with the ImmunoMax signal amplification. Slight or moderately intense inflammatory lesions (grading of 1 to 2 points) and a low level of fibrosis advancement (staging of 1 to 2 points) prevailed in the material, independently of the etiologic agent involved and age of the patient. Both in children and in adults, extensive lesions in the nuclear chromatin represented the common trait of chronic type B and type C hepatitis examined by light microscopy. Ultrastructural patterns confirmed the lesions and demonstrated virus-resembling particles in the cell nuclei. In HCV infection, hepatocyte cytoplasm contained tubular and horseshoe-shaped structures with lesions of mitochondria, while in HBV infection Dane's particles and tubular forms of HBsAg were detected. For cognitive reasons and due to frequently equivocal literature data, our data on ultrastructural lesions in chronic type C hepatitis seem to be of particular interest. Using the ImmunoMax signal amplification, we were able to diagnose HBV infection under light microscope and to define stage of the infection. Their sensitivity, specificity and relatively short time required for performing the tests makes them advisable in the routine diagnosis of the two infections.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Biopsy , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Child , DNA, Viral/metabolism , Humans , Immunohistochemistry/methods , In Situ Hybridization/methods , Liver/pathology , Liver/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron/methodsABSTRACT
During last years knowledge about HCV virus was growing very fast. Because of that some reviews on molecular structure of this virus was presented. They are clinically important for diagnosis, prognosis of treatment and possibility of production a new antiviral drugs.
Subject(s)
Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepatitis C/genetics , Hepatitis C/virology , Disease Progression , Genome, Viral , Humans , Immunity, Cellular/immunologyABSTRACT
A new method based on the substoichiometry principle has been developed. Instead of substoichiometric amounts of chelating agent, substoichiometric amounts of aqueous solution of a competing metal are used. Theoretical relationships have been derived for this method of substoichiometric replacement. Possibilities for its application are discussed.
