Unlicensed Umbilical Cord Blood Units Provide a Safe and Effective Graft Source for a Diverse Population: A Study of 2456 Umbilical Cord Blood Recipients.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation (UCBT) is a curative procedure for patients with hematologic malignancies and genetic disorders and expands access to transplantation for non-Caucasian patients unable to find a fully matched unrelated donor. In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration required that unrelated UCBT be performed using either licensed UCB or unlicensed UCB under the Investigational New Drug (IND) program. The National Marrow Donor Program manages an IND under which 2456 patients (1499 adults and 957 children, 564 with malignant diseases and 393 with nonmalignant diseases) underwent single or double UCBT between October 2011 and December 2016. The median patient age was 31 years (range, <1 to 81 years), and 50% of children and 36% of adults were non-Caucasian. The median time to neutrophil engraftment (ie, absolute neutrophil count ≥500/mm3) was 22 days for adults, 20 days for pediatric patients with malignant diseases, and 19 days for pediatric patients with nonmalignant diseases, with corresponding rates of engraftment at 42 days of 89%, 88%, and 90%. In these 3 groups of patients, the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grade II-IV was 35%, 32%, and 24%; the incidence of chronic GVHD was 24%, 26%, and 24%; and 1-year overall survival (OS) was 57%, 71%, and 79%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, younger age, lower Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index, early-stage chemotherapy-sensitive disease, and higher performance score were predictive of improved OS for adults. In a subset analysis of children with malignancies undergoing single UCBT, the use of either licensed UCB (n = 48) or unlicensed UCB (n = 382) was associated with similar engraftment and survival. The use of unlicensed UCB units is safe and effective and provides an important graft source for a diverse population.

Randomized controlled trial of individualized treatment summary and survivorship care plans for hematopoietic cell transplantation survivors.

Survivorship Care Plans (SCPs) may facilitate long-term care for cancer survivors, but their effectiveness has not been established in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. We evaluated the impact of individualized SCPs on patient-reported outcomes among transplant survivors. Adult (≥18 years at transplant) survivors who were 1-5 years post transplantation, proficient in English, and without relapse or secondary cancers were eligible for this multicenter randomized trial. SCPs were developed based on risk-factors and treatment exposures using patient data routinely submitted by transplant centers to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research and published guidelines for long-term follow up of transplant survivors. Phone surveys assessing patient-reported outcomes were conducted at baseline and at 6 months. The primary end point was confidence in survivorship information, and secondary end points included cancer and treatment distress, knowledge of transplant exposures, health care utilization, and health-related quality of life. Of 495 patients enrolled, 458 completed a baseline survey and were randomized (care plan=231, standard care=227); 200 (87%) and 199 (88%) completed the 6-month assessments, respectively. Patients' characteristics were similar in the two arms. Participants on the care plan arm reported significantly lower distress scores at 6 months and an increase in the Mental Component Summary quality of life score assessed by the Short Form 12 (SF-12) instrument. No effect was observed on the end point of confidence in survivorship information or other secondary outcomes. Provision of individualized SCPs generated using registry data was associated with reduced distress and improved mental domain of quality of life among 1-5 year hematopoietic cell transplantation survivors. Trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov 02200133.

Outcomes of Measurable Residual Disease in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia before and after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: Validation of Difference from Normal Flow Cytometry with Chimerism Studies and Wilms Tumor 1 Gene Expression.

We enrolled 150 patients in a prospective multicenter study of children with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to compare the detection of measurable residual disease (MRD) by a "difference from normal" flow cytometry (ΔN) approach with assessment of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene expression without access to the diagnostic specimen. Prospective analysis of the specimens using this approach showed that 23% of patients screened for HSCT had detectable residual disease by ΔN (.04% to 53%). Of those patients who proceeded to transplant as being in morphologic remission, 10 had detectable disease (.04% to 14%) by ΔN. The disease-free survival of this group was 10% (0 to 35%) compared with 55% (46% to 64%, P < .001) for those without disease. The ΔN assay was validated using the post-HSCT specimen by sorting abnormal or suspicious cells to confirm recipient or donor origin by chimerism studies. All 15 patients who had confirmation of tumor detection relapsed, whereas the 2 patients with suspicious phenotype cells lacking this confirmation did not. The phenotype of the relapse specimen was then used retrospectively to assess the pre-HSCT specimen, allowing identification of additional samples with low levels of MRD involvement that were previously undetected. Quantitative assessment of WT1 gene expression was not predictive of relapse or other outcomes in either pre- or post-transplant specimens. MRD detected by ΔN was highly specific, but did not identify most relapsing patients. The application of the assay was limited by poor quality among one-third of the specimens and lack of a diagnostic phenotype for comparison.

Treosulfan, Fludarabine, and Low-Dose Total Body Irradiation for Children and Young Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Prospective Phase II Trial of the Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Consortium.

This multicenter study evaluated a treosulfan-based regimen in children and young adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). Forty patients with median age 11 years (range, 1 to 19) underwent allogeneic HCT for AML in first (n = 18), second (n = 11), and third or greater remission (n = 3) or MDS (n = 8) using bone marrow (n = 25), peripheral blood stem cells (n = 5), or cord blood (n = 9). The regimen consisted of body surface area (BSA)-based treosulfan 10 g/m2/day (BSA ≤ .5 m2), 12 g/m2/day (BSA > .5 to 1.0 m2), or 14 g/m2/day (BSA > 1.0 m2) on days -6 to -4; fludarabine 30 mg/m2/day on days -6 to -2; and a single fraction of 200 cGy total body irradiation on day -1. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis included tacrolimus and methotrexate for marrow and peripheral blood stem cell and cyclosporine/mycophenolate mofetil for cord blood. One-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and nonrelapse mortality were 80%, 73%, and 3%, respectively. One-year relapse was 38% for AML and 13% for MDS. No serious organ toxicities were observed. All 37 assessable patients engrafted. Cumulative incidences of grades II to IV acute GVHD and chronic GVHD were 22% and 40%, respectively. BSA-based treosulfan dosing resulted in predictable area under the curve and maximum concentration, which is required for dosing without measuring individual pharmacokinetic parameters. Observed differences in pharmacokinetics did not impact disease control or regimen toxicity. This BSA-based treosulfan regimen resulted in excellent engraftment and disease-free survival and minimal toxicity and transplant-related mortality (3%) in children and young adults with AML and MDS.

Results of a prospective multicentre myeloablative double-unit cord blood transplantation trial in adult patients with acute leukaemia and myelodysplasia.

Double-unit cord blood (CB) grafts may improve engraftment and relapse risk in adults with haematological malignancies. We performed a prospective high-dose myeloablative double-unit CB transplantation (CBT) trial in adults with high-risk acute leukaemia or myelodysplasia (MDS) between 2007 and 2011. The primary aim was to establish the 1-year overall survival in a multi-centre setting. Fifty-six patients (31 acute myeloid leukaemia, 19 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 4 other acute leukaemias, 2 myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS]) were transplanted at 10 centres. The median infused total nucleated cell doses were 2·62 (larger unit) and 2·02 (smaller unit) x 10(7) /kg. The cumulative incidence of day 100 neutrophil engraftment was 89% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80-96). Day 180 grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) incidence was 64% (95%CI: 51-76) and 36% (95%CI: 24-49) of patients had chronic GVHD by 3-years. At 3-years post-transplant, the transplant-related mortality (TRM) was 39% (95%CI: 26-52), and the 3-year relapse incidence was 11% (95%CI: 4-21). With a median 37-month (range 23-71) follow-up of survivors, the 3-year disease-free survival was 50% (95%CI: 37-63). Double-unit CBT is a viable alternative therapy for high-risk acute leukaemia/ MDS in patients lacking a matched unrelated donor. This is especially important for minority patients. The relapse incidence was low but strategies to ameliorate TRM are needed.

Lenalidomide maintenance for high-risk multiple myeloma after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) with reduced-intensity conditioning is an appealing option for patients with high-risk multiple myeloma (MM). However, progression after alloHCT remains a challenge. Maintenance therapy after alloHCT may offer additional disease control and allow time for a graft-versus-myeloma effect. The primary objective of this clinical trial was to determine the tolerability and safety profile of maintenance lenalidomide (LEN) given on days 1 to 21 of 28 days cycles, with intrapatient dose escalation during 12 months/cycles after alloHCT. Thirty alloHCT recipients (median age, 54 years) with high-risk MM were enrolled at 8 centers between 2009 and 2012. The median time from alloHCT to LEN initiation was 96 days (range, 66 to 171 days). Eleven patients (37%) completed maintenance and 10 mg daily was the most commonly delivered dose (44%). Most common reasons for discontinuation were acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (37%) and disease progression (37%). Cumulative incidence of grades III to IV acute GVHD from time of initiation of LEN was 17%. Outcomes at 18 months after initiation of maintenance were MM progression, 28%; transplantation-related mortality, 11%; and progression-free and overall survival, 63% and 78%, respectively. The use of LEN after alloHCT is feasible at lower doses, although it is associated with a 38% incidence of acute GVHD. Survival outcomes observed in this high-risk MM population warrant further study of this approach.