ABSTRACT
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) produce potent analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. We studied postoperative pain in 97 consecutive patients having photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) by an excimer laser with different topical NSAID protocols. Treatment with topical homatropine hydrobromide, either diclofenac sodium (Voltaren Ophthalmic) or ketorolac tromethamine (Acular), and a soft contact lens was most effective in achieving post-PRK analgesia. We also studied post-PRK myopic regression in 68 consecutive patients and found that flurbiprofen sodium (Ocufen), when added to topical steroid protocols, significantly reduced myopic regression for one year postoperatively more than steroids alone or steroids and diclofenac sodium. Diclofenac, used with topical steroids, had less of an additive effect on myopic regression than did flurbiprofen. Topical NSAIDs are useful adjuncts to PRK therapy, both to eliminate postoperative pain and to control post-PRK myopic regression.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Cornea/surgery , Laser Therapy , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Refractive Surgical Procedures , Administration, Topical , Adult , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Follow-Up Studies , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Humans , Middle Aged , Myopia/prevention & control , Pain, Postoperative/etiologyABSTRACT
A spectrum exists from change, to crisis, to turmoil, and, at times, to illness at watersheds in the life cycle. Affective experience can be a mobilizing factor and emotional catalyst in the growth experience or a devastating psychotic mood disturbance when predisposing life events and genetic disposition are operational. This paper reviews the dynamics of biologic systems, chronobiology, and time-related transitions of the developmental experience. The relationship of a developmental time clock to affective phenomenology and clinical affective disorder is discussed and presented in two case vignettes. Developmental theory and the interface between life events, stress, and affective illness are reviewed and a concept of development as a sequence of affective cycles is presented.
Subject(s)
Human Development , Life Change Events , Mood Disorders/etiology , Periodicity , Stress, Psychological/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Biological Clocks , Bipolar Disorder/etiology , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Body Temperature , Child , Child, Preschool , Cyclothymic Disorder/etiology , Cyclothymic Disorder/psychology , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Depressive Disorder/genetics , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Models, Psychological , Mood Disorders/genetics , Mood Disorders/psychology , Risk , SleepABSTRACT
Studies were performed in male hamsters to determine whether antiluminal, active glucose transport played a role in maintaining low glucose concentrations in male reproductive tract fluids. Studies of tissue uptake of 3H-3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3H-3OMG) demonstrated that after equilibrium seminiferous tissue 3H-3OMG concentrations were similar to blood plasma concentrations. Previous studies have shown that under similar circumstances seminiferous tubule lumen fluid 3H-3OMG concentrations are much lower than blood plasma concentrations. These facts suggested the possible presence of an antiluminal, active transport system for glucose in the seminiferous epithelium. In vivo perfusion of seminiferous tubules with fluids containing 3H-3OMG demonstrated an approximately 80% removal of the isotope after 1.5 hours. This movement was against a blood-lumen glucose gradient and was consistent with antiluminal active glucose transport. Increasing phloridzin concentrations in intraluminal perfusion fluid tended to be associated with decreased removal of 3H-3OMG from the lumen fluid; however, this effect was not significant; thus the evidence failed to support a hypothesis of an active antiluminal glucose pump in the seminiferous epithelium. Movement of 3H-3OMG across the cauda epididymidal epithelium was limited in both the pro- and antiluminal direction. The blood-epididymal barrier for 3H-3OMG movement appears to be much more restrictive than the blood-seminiferous tubule barrier for the same molecule.
Subject(s)
Epididymis/metabolism , Methylglucosides/metabolism , Methylglycosides/metabolism , Seminiferous Epithelium/metabolism , Testis/metabolism , 3-O-Methylglucose , Animals , Cricetinae , Epithelium/metabolism , Glucose/metabolism , Male , MesocricetusABSTRACT
The net transport of [3H]-inulin into the fluids of the hamster seminiferous and caput, corpus, and cauda epididymal tubules was examined in both intact animals and those vasectomized 10 months previously. Mean isotope concentrations in reproductive tract tubule fluids did not exceeded 10 per cent of blood plasma isotope concentrations during the experiment. There were no significant differences in net transport of [3H]-inulin into any of the tubule fluids sampled. Ten months after vasectomy, the seminiferous tubule, and all regions of the epididymal tubule retain the capacity to exclude [3H]-insulin. Thus in the hamster 10 months after vasectomy, the blood testis and blood epididymal barriers to inulin are intact.
Subject(s)
Blood-Testis Barrier , Epididymis/blood supply , Inulin/metabolism , Vasectomy , Animals , Biological Transport , Cricetinae , Male , Mesocricetus , Seminiferous Tubules/metabolism , TritiumABSTRACT
The investigation demonstrated a restriction of [3H]3-O-methyl-D-glucose ([3H]3-OMG) net transport into seminiferous tubule fluid. Net transport of [3H]3-OMG into the cauda epididymidal tubule was even more limited. By 4 months after vasectomy, there was no statistical difference in the net transport of the isotope into the seminiferous tubule fluid, but there was a significant increase in net transport into cauda epididymidal fluid. These results demonstrate that the blood-epididymal barrier can be even more restrictive to molecular transport than the blood-testis barrier and that vasectomy can have subtle effects on characteristics of molecular transport in the cauda epididymidis.
Subject(s)
Epididymis/metabolism , Methylglucosides/metabolism , Methylglycosides/metabolism , Seminiferous Tubules/metabolism , Testis/metabolism , Vasectomy , Animals , Blood-Testis Barrier , Body Fluids/metabolism , Cricetinae , Male , MesocricetusABSTRACT
The effects of vasectomy on the blood-testis and blood-epididymal barriers to 3H2O, [3H]inulin, and [14C]urea were examined by study of the radioactivity appearing in micropuncture samples of fluids from the seminiferous tubules and cauda epididymidis. By 4 months after vasectomy, there were changes in the blood-seminiferous tubule barrier to [3H]water and [14C]urea (increased entry) and in the blood-epididymal barrier to [3H]water and [3H]inulin (increased entry) and to [14C]urea (decreased entry). These subtle changes could have an impact on spermatogenesis and/or sperm maturation after vasectomy.
Subject(s)
Blood-Testis Barrier , Vasectomy , Animals , Body Fluids/metabolism , Cricetinae , Epididymis/metabolism , Inulin/metabolism , Male , Seminiferous Tubules/metabolism , Testis/metabolism , Urea/metabolism , Water/metabolismSubject(s)
Epididymis/cytology , Sperm Motility , Spermatozoa/physiology , Animals , Carbonic Anhydrases/pharmacology , Carnitine/pharmacology , Glycerylphosphorylcholine/pharmacology , Male , Neuraminidase/pharmacology , Phosphatidylcholines/pharmacology , Rats , Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology , Sperm Motility/drug effects , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Urea/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The authors compared treatment of chronic anxiety with biofeedback-mediated electromyographic (EMG) relaxation to treatment with group psychotherapy in a control group. Feedback patients were given two weeks of EMG relaxation training followed by two weeks of self-practice. Significant decreases were found in the feedback group in electromyogram levels, mood distrubance, trait anxiety, and (to a lesser extent) state anxiety; no such decreases occurred in the control group. The authors suggest that EMG feedback can be an important adjunct therapy for chronic anxiety.
