Association between financial links to indoor tanning industry and conclusions of published studies on indoor tanning: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether an association exists between financial links to the indoor tanning industry and conclusions of indoor tanning literature. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, up to 15 February 2019. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: Articles discussing indoor tanning and health were eligible for inclusion, with no article type restrictions (original research, systematic reviews, review articles, case reports, editorials, commentaries, and letters were all eligible). Basic science studies, articles describing only indoor tanning prevalence, non-English articles, and articles without full text available were excluded. RESULTS: 691 articles were included in analysis, including empiric articles (eg, original articles or systematic reviews) (357/691; 51.7%) and non-empiric articles letters (eg, commentaries, letters, or editorials) (334/691; 48.3%). Overall, 7.2% (50/691) of articles had financial links to the indoor tanning industry; 10.7% (74/691) articles favored indoor tanning, 3.9% (27/691) were neutral, and 85.4% (590/691) were critical of indoor tanning. Among the articles without industry funding, 4.4% (27/620) favored indoor tanning, 3.5% (22/620) were neutral, and 92.1% (571/620) were critical of indoor tanning. Among the articles with financial links to the indoor tanning industry, 78% (39/50) favored indoor tanning, 10% (5/50) were neutral, and 12% (6/50) were critical of indoor tanning. Support from the indoor tanning industry was significantly associated with favoring indoor tanning (risk ratio 14.3, 95% confidence interval 10.0 to 20.4). CONCLUSIONS: Although most articles in the indoor tanning literature are independent of industry funding, articles with financial links to the indoor tanning industry are more likely to favor indoor tanning. Public health practitioners and researchers need to be aware of and account for industry funding when interpreting the evidence related to indoor tanning. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42019123617.

Transcervical sterilization.

Sterilization is frequently chosen as a method of permanent contraception. Traditional approaches involve surgery under anesthesia in an operating room and are associated with a recovery period and scars. Transcervical sterilization is an incision-free, minimally invasive approach to sterilization. When compared with laparoscopic surgery, transcervical hysteroscopic sterilization does not need to be performed in an operating room, requires less anesthesia, has a shorter recovery period, and is more cost effective. The Essure Permanent Birth Control System (Conceptus, Inc., Mountain View, CA) and Adiana Permanent Contraception System (Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA) are two available hysteroscopic sterilization techniques. They cause fibrosis and tubal occlusion over a 3-month period so women must use an alternative form of contraception during the first 3 months. A 3-month hysterosalpingogram confirms successful placement and tubal occlusion. Transcervical sterilization is similarly effective to other sterilization methods and is satisfactory to women.

Head and neck cancer--a clinicopathological study in a tertiary care center.

Head and neck cancers display diverse patterns of biological behavior and considerable variation in geographical distribution. This study presents an analysis of head and neck cancer in a Nigerian tertiary healthcare center. It comprises cases diagnosed at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1991-2005. Out of 1,750 head and neck tumors, 972 (55.5%) were malignant and 778 (44.5%) were benign. Cancers displayed male predominance, with a gender ratio of 1.8:1. The mean age of cancer patients was 43.8 +/- 19.6 years. Carcinomas constituted 71.7% of head and neck cancers, with 2.4% occurring in children and overall mean age of 48.2 years. Squamous cell carcinoma comprised 66.7% of carcinomas and 47.8% of all head and neck cancers. Hematopoietic malignancies constituted 20.4% of head and neck cancers, and comprised mainly lymphomas, which accounted for 19.3% of all head and neck cancers. The mean age of patients with hematopoietic malignancies was 34.9 years. The most common childhood malignancy was Burkitt's lymphoma, which comprised 28.2% of pediatric head and neck cancers. Connective tissue tumors constituted 7.9% of all cancers, the most common being rhabdomyosarcoma, accounting for 44.2% of sarcomas. The mean age of patients with sarcomas was 26.5 years. There is a need for uniformity in the definition of head and neck cancer so as to permit comparison of international studies. In addition, prospective population-based studies are required to determine the national incidence and to identify risk factors for head and neck cancer in the Nigerian population.

The effect of family structure on a sample of malnourished urban Nigerian children.

This study focused on the role of family structure in 458 malnourished children under five years of age clinically diagnosed with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), kwashiorkor, and marasmus. The majority of these children were of higher birth order (3rd child and higher): 63.2% based on the mother's parity and 56.4% based on the father's parity. More than half (54.8%) of the malnourished children's mothers were the first wives of their respective husbands. About 43.9% of the children's fathers were urban danfo (public minibus transport) drivers. Half (51.5%) of the mothers who claimed to be single opted into single status and were mostly from polygamous households, but 87.6% of the children were from polygamous families, of which 18.6% of the mothers had divorced. Only 27.7% of the children lived with both parents; 40.4% lived with their grandparents, and 37.8% were the financial responsibility of their grandparents. We observed an association between children treated for malnutrition and father's occupation, parents' marital status, mothers' seniority among other wives, and source of financial responsibility for the children.

Potential impact of the mass media on family planning in an urban community in South Western Nigeria

Context: The role of radio and television message is an important factor in creating and changing the values; ideas and attitudes of people in Public Health. Fertility regulation in Nigeria is still yet to meet the optimum level. Objectives: The research therefore is designed to assess the role of mass media; radio and television in family planning messages. Study Design; Setting and Subjects: The study involved 503 females and males of child bearing age at Ife Central District; South Western of Nigeria. Information on respondents socio-economic characteristics family planning practices; their knowledge and attitude; source of information and use of family planning methods including habits and media preference of the respondent were also collected. Results: Radio was found to be the most common source of information. Fifty-three percent reported that they got family planning messages through the radio as against 10.1 through the television in spite of the fact that 68.5 of the respondents had television and 89.1 had radio. Seventy-two percent of the respondents had never visited family planning clinic. The most favourite programme on T.V. was drama while that of the radio was the news. Conclusion: The need to intensify and integrate family planning message into television drama and radio news was identified as this could play a significant role in family planning