Childhood Trauma and its Relationship with Anxiety, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation among a Community Sample in Ilisan-Remo, Southwestern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Childhood exposure to maltreatment is an endemic health issue with tragic personal and socioeconomic repercussions. There is a dearth of information on the psychological outcomes of childhood trauma, specifically anxiety and depression, in adulthood in Nigeria. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of childhood trauma and its relationship with anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation among adults in a Nigerian community. METHODS: The study is a product of a secondary analysis of the relevant aspects of the data collected for the Ilisan-Remo Functional Bowel Disorder Project. It was a cross-sectional community-based study of adult aged 18-70 years in Nigeria. The relevant aspects of the research instrument included the demographic information; the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories for assessing anxiety and depression respectively, and the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report Short-Form for accessing childhood trauma. Data were summarized and analyzed with appropriate instruments. Variables with p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Adequate data for statistical analysis was available for 501 respondents. The mean age of the respondents was 32.69 ±12.8 years. Four hundred and forty (87.8%) respondents had at least one childhood trauma exposure. Physical punishment had the highest prevalence (77.2%), followed by general trauma (68.9%), emotional abuse (51.1%) and sexual abuse (34.9%). All the childhood traumas were either moderately or weakly correlated with the psychopathologies except physical trauma which was not correlated with suicidal ideation. Childhood trauma had a significant association with anxiety [AOR = 1.23 (95% CI, 1.13 - 1.35), p<0.001], depression [AOR = 1.19 (95% CI, 1.13 - 1.25), p <0.001] and suicidal ideation [AOR = 1.09 (95% CI, 1.02 - 1.16), p = 0.007]. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of childhood trauma was high in our study population and was associated with sychopathologies in adulthood. Stakeholders such as parents, government, teachers, and civil society organizations should make a concerted effort to deter it.

CONTEXTE: L'exposition des enfants aux mauvais traitements est un problème de santé endémique avec des répercussions personnelles et socio-économiques tragiques. Il existe une pénurie d'informations sur les conséquences psychologiques des traumatismes infantiles, notamment l'anxiété et la dépression à l'âge adulte au Nigeria. Cette étude a été menée pour déterminer la prévalence des traumatismes infantiles et leur relation avec l'anxiété, la dépression et les idées suicidaires chez les adultes d'une communauté nigériane. MÉTHODES: L'étude est issue d'une analyse secondaire des aspects pertinents des données collectées pour le projet Ilisan-Remo sur les troubles fonctionnels de l'intestin. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale communautaire auprès d'adultes âgés de 18 à 70 ans au Nigeria. Les aspects pertinents de l'instrument de recherche comprenaient des informations démographiques ; les inventaires d'anxiété et de dépression de Beck pour évaluer respectivement l'anxiété et la dépression, et l'inventaire des traumatismes précoces - auto-rapport version courte pour évaluer les traumatismes infantiles. Les données ont été résumées et analysées avec des instruments appropriés. Les variables avec des valeurs de p < 0,05 ont été considérées comme significatives. RÉSULTATS: Des données adéquates pour l'analyse statistique étaient disponibles pour 501 répondants. L'âge moyen des répondants était de 32,69 ±12,8 ans. Quatre cent quarante (87,8 %) répondants avaient été exposés à au moins un traumatisme infantile. La punition physique avait la plus haute prévalence (77,2 %), suivie des traumatismes généraux (68,9 %), des abus émotionnels (51,1 %) et des abus sexuels (34,9 %). Tous les traumatismes infantiles étaient modérément ou faiblement corrélés avec les psychopathologies, sauf le traumatisme physique qui n'était pas corrélé avec les idées suicidaires. Les traumatismes infantiles avaient une association significative avec l'anxiété [OR ajusté = 1,23 (IC à 95 %, 1,13 ­ 1,35), p < 0,001], la dépression [OR ajusté = 1,19 (IC à 95 %, 1,13 ­ 1,25), p < 0,001] et les idées suicidaires [OR ajusté = 1,09 (IC à 95 %, 1,02 ­ 1,16), p = 0,007]. CONCLUSION: La prévalence des traumatismes infantiles était élevée dans notre population d'étude et était associée à des psychopathologies à l'âge adulte. Les parties prenantes telles que les parents, le gouvernement, les enseignants et les organisations de la société civile devraient faire des efforts concertés pour les prévenir. MOTS CLÉS: Traumatismes infantiles, Maltraitance des enfants, Anxiété, dépression, Nigeria.

Sleep Quality in a Nigerian Community: Prevalence of Poor Sleep Quality, Risk Factors and Health-Related Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND: A review of the literature shows there is a dearth of community-based studies that evaluated the prevalence of poor sleep quality and its psychosocial correlates among Nigerians. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of poor sleep quality and its psychosocial correlates in a Nigerian community. METHODS: The data presented here is an extract from the IlisanRemo Functional Bowel Disorder Project, a cross-sectional community-based study of 515 adults aged 18-70 years. The aspects of the research instrument relevant to this study include the sociodemographic data, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, and Short Form 12, version 2 Health Survey (SF-12v2) questionnaire. An overall PSQI score of >5 was defined as poor sleep quality. Data analysis was conducted with appropriate statistical instruments. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There were adequate data for statistical analysis for 505 participants. The participants' mean age was 32.73±12.93 years. A total of 212 (42.0%) participants had poor sleep quality. Poor sleep quality was associated with attainment of at least secondary schooleducation [AOR = 2.27 (95% CI, 1.17 - 4.41), p = 0.016], increased waist circumference [AOR = 1.03 (95% CI, 1.01 - 1.04), p < 0.001], coffee consumption [AOR = 2.57 (95% CI, 1.66 - 3.99), p < 0.001], anxiety [AOR = 1.06 (95% CI, 1.03 - 1.09), p < 0.001], and depression [AOR = 1.05 (95% CI, 1.03 - 1.08), p < 0.001]. Participants with poor sleep quality had poorer mean SF-12v2 sub-scales scores compared with those with good sleep quality in Bodily Pain, General Health, Vitality and Mental Health with statistical significance (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Poor sleep quality is common in our study population and needs to be holistically addressed.

CONTEXTE: Une revue de la littérature montre qu'il existe une pénurie d'études communautaires qui ont évalué la prévalence de la mauvaise qualité du sommeil et ses corrélats psychosociaux chez les Nigérians. Cette étude a été menée pour déterminer la prévalence de la mauvaise qualité du sommeil et ses corrélats psychosociaux dans une communauté nigériane. MÉTHODES: Les données présentées ici sont extraites du projet Ilisan-Remo sur les troubles fonctionnels intestinaux, une étude transversale communautaire portant sur 515 adultes âgés de 18 à 70 ans. Les aspects de l'instrument de recherche pertinents pour cette étude comprennent les données sociodémographiques, l'indice de qualité du sommeil de Pittsburgh (PSQI), les inventaires de l'anxiété et de la dépression de Beck et le questionnaire Short Form 12, version 2 Health Survey (SF-12v2). Un score PSQI global e"5 a été défini comme une mauvaise qualité du sommeil. L'analyse des données a été effectuée avec des instruments statistiques appropriés. La va P < 0,05 était considérée comme significative. RÉSULTATS: Il y avait des données adéquates pour l'analyse statistique pour 505 participants. L'âge moyen des participants était de 32,73 ± 12,93 ans. Un total de 212 [42,0 % (IC à 95 % = 38 % ­ 46,0 %)] participants avaient une mauvaise qualité de sommeil. Le Mauvaise qualité du sommeil était associé à l'obtention d'au moins un diplôme d'études secondaires [AOR = 2,27 (IC à 95 %, 1,17 ­ 4,41), p = 0,016], à une augmentation du tour de taille [AOR = 1,03 (IC à 95 %, 1,01 ­ 1,04), p < 0,001], consommation de café [AOR = 2,57 (IC à 95 %, 1,66 ­ 3,99), p < 0,001], anxiété [AOR = 1,06 (IC à 95 %, 1,03 ­ 1,09), p < 0,001] et dépression [AOR = 1,05 (IC à 95 %, 1,03 ­ 1,08), p < 0,001]. Les participants avec Mauvaise qualité du sommeil avaient des scores moyens inférieurs aux sous-échelles SF-12v2 par rapport à ceux avec une bonne qualité de sommeil dans la douleur corporelle, la santé générale, la vitalité et la santé mentale avec une signification statistique (p< 0,001). CONCLUSION: La mauvaise qualité du sommeil est courante dans notre population d'étude et doit être traitée de manière holistique. Mots clés: Qualité du sommeil, Anxiété, Dépression, Qualité de vie, Santé mentale.

Apple cider vinegar administration on carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chickens.

This study evaluated the effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 300 broilers (Arbor Acre) were randomized to six treatments replicated 5 times (50 birds/treatment and 10 birds/replicate) from 2 days old till the sixth week of age in a 2 by 3 factorial layout consisting of dosages (5.0 mL/L and 10.0 mL/L ACV) and administration frequency (antibiotics following standard schedule, twice/week ACV and thrice/week ACV). At the sixth week, sixty birds (10 birds/treatment) were selected for carcass yield, cut part yield, organ weight, meat technological properties, lipid profiles, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level evaluation. Data obtained were subjected to two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test at a P < 0.05 significant level. Birds administered 5.0 mL/L ACV thrice weekly presented a significantly (P < 0.05) higher plucked, eviscerated, dressed, thigh and breast weight compared with the other treatments. The spleen of birds in the control group was significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than those administered ACV. The meat from the 5.0 mL/L ACV group had significantly higher (P < 0.05) water absorptive power and lower refrigeration loss, as depicted in the main effect table. Meat cholesterol, phospholipids, and MDA levels did not differ across the treatments except triglyceride, which was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the 5.0 mL/L ACV thrice-weekly group. This study concludes that ACV administration could improve carcass yield and meat quality indices. Thus, its use as an alternative to conventional antibiotics for broiler chickens might be beneficial.

Bowel Habits and Bowel Movement Disorders in a South-western Nigerian Population: A Community-based Study.

BACKGROUND: There are few population-based studies concerning the bowel habits of adult Nigerians. Only one of these was published about a decade ago in the Northcentral region, the others were published over four decades ago. This study was conducted to determine the bowel habits and the frequencies of bowel movement disorders among adults in a Southwestern Nigerian population. METHODS: The study was a community-based cross-sectional survey of a cohort of Nigerian adults aged 18 to 70 years. The data collection instrument consisted of demographic information, lifestyle factors, abdominal circumference, bowel habits, and the Rome IV bowel disorder questionnaire questions regarding bowel movement disorders. A copy of the Bristol Stool Scale was shown to each respondent to allow easy evaluation of stool form. Summary statistics included Means, frequencies and percentages. Associations between categorical variables were tested by Chi-square test or Fisher exact test as required. The statistical significance cut-off was set at P-value < 0.05. RESULTS: Adequate data for statistical analysis was available for 506 participants. The majority, 492 (97.2%), had at least one bowel motion per day [358 (70.8%) once daily, 111 (21.9%) twice daily and 23 (4.5%) > twice daily], 9 (1.8%) defaecate once in two days while 5 (1.0%) defaecate once in 3 or more days. There was no significant relationship between the frequency of bowel movement and age or gender. Among those who had bowel movement disorders, at least 30% of time in 3 months, the commonest disorder was passage of hard stools [66 (13.0%)] while the least frequent was bowel motion of fewer than 3 times per week [27 (5.3%)]. CONCLUSION: The majority of our study participants have normal bowel habits. The frequencies of bowel movement disorders are generally low in the study population and this may be related to the consumption of the African diet that is rich in fibre content.

RÉSUMÉ: Il existe peu d'études basées sur la population concernant les habitudes intestinales des Nigérians adultes. Un seul d'entre eux a été publié il y a environ une décennie dans la région du centre-nord, les autres ont été publiés il y a plus de quatre décennies. Cette étude a été menée pour déterminer les habitudes intestinales et les fréquences des troubles du transit intestinal chez les adultes d'une population du sud-ouest du Nigéria. MÉTHODES: L'étude était une enquête transversale communautaire d'une cohorte d'adultes nigérians âgés de 18 à 70 ans. L'instrument de collecte de données se composait d'informations démographiques, de facteurs liés au mode de vie, de la circonférence abdominale, des habitudes intestinales et des questions du questionnaire Rome IV sur les troubles intestinaux concernant les troubles des mouvements intestinaux. Une copie de la Bristol Stool Scale a été montrée à chaque répondant pour permettre une évaluation facile de la forme des selles. Les statistiques récapitulatives comprenaient les moyennes, les fréquences et les pourcentages. Les associations entre les variables catégorielles ont été testées par le test du Chi carré ou le test exact de Fisher selon les besoins. Le seuil de signification statistique a été fixé à une valeur p < 0,05. RÉSULTATS: Des données adéquates pour l'analyse statistique étaient disponibles pour 506 participants. La majorité, 492 (97,2 %), avaient au moins une selle par jour [358 (70,8 %) une fois par jour, 111 (21,9 %) deux fois par jour et 23 (4,5 %) > deux fois par jour], 9 (1,8 %) déféquent une fois tous les deux jours tandis que 5 (1,0 %) défèquent une fois tous les 3 jours ou plus. Il n'y avait pas de relation significative entre la fréquence des selles et l'âge ou le sexe. Parmi ceux qui avaient des troubles du transit intestinal, au moins 30 % du temps en 3 mois, le trouble le plus courant était le passage de selles dures [66 (13,0 %)] tandis que le moins fréquent était le transit intestinal de moins de 3 fois par semaine [27 ( 5,3 %)]. CONCLUSION: La majorité des participants à notre étude ont des habitudes intestinales normales. Les fréquences des troubles du transit intestinal sont généralement faibles dans la population étudiée et cela peut être lié à la consommation du régime africain riche en fibres. WAJM 2021 ; 38(6) : 537-543. MOTS CLÉS: habitude intestinale, fréquence des selles, troubles de la défécation, constipation chronique, diarrhée chronique.

Erratum to "Serum chemistry and gut morphology of two strains of broiler chickens to varying interval of post hatch feeding" [5C (June 2018) 20-25].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2017.12.001.].

Serological and virological markers of nigerian patients with hepatitis B infection.

BACKGROUND: The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the spectrum of diseases attributable to chronic hepatitis B are diverse. It is estimated that 15%-25% of chronic carriers will die from complications of progressive disease such as liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic decompensation. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the serological and virological profile of patients with hepatitis B infection to enhance the evaluation of the natural history of viral hepatitis in an endemic population. METHODS: Characteristics of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) patients (2010-2016) were extracted from the database of a reference laboratory in Lagos. These included serological tests for hepatitis B antigens (HBeAg, HBsAg), antibodies (anti-HBcIgM, anti-HBeAb) (DIA.PRO), and HBV DNA (Roche Diagnostics). SPSS version 20.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1,983 patients, 1,252 were male and 731 female. HBeAg was detected in 8.0% (128/1,605) of the subjects, anti-HBe was positive in 90.0% (1,257/1,396), while HBcore subclass IgM antibody was detected in 12.6% (116/930). Detectable HBV DNA was identified in 1,781 (89%), with viral load exceeding 2,001 IU/mL in 712 (35.9%) subjects. HBV viral loads >200,000 IU/mL were more frequently detected in HBeAg-positive compared with HBeAg-negative subjects (65.7% vs 4.9%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated the predominance of low replicative phase HBV infection and highlighted the importance of HBeAg-negative infections that may require antiviral therapy. HBeAg-positive infections occurred significantly in younger adults with new or acute infections. Our findings have implications for patient evaluation and planning of hepatitis treatment programs.

Serum chemistry and gut morphology of two strains of broiler chickens to varying interval of post hatch feeding.

This trial was carried out to determine the responses of two broiler strains of chicken to different post-hatch access to feed. 180-day old chicks (Arbor acre and Marshal strains) with initial weight range of 39.36-42.24 g were used for this study. Each strain was divided on weight equalization into three treatment groups consisting of three time-periods with access to feeds (4 h, 24 h, 48 h) post hatch in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment after which they were fed ad-libitum. Thirty (30) birds were assigned to each treatment which comprised of three replicates of ten birds. Data collected on serum biochemical constituents and gut morphology were measured and subjected to analysis of variance in a randomized design. The Marshal strain recorded a higher (p < 0.05) final live weight (2420.00 g/bird) than the Arbor acre strain (2218.30 g/bird). Birds fed at 4 h and 24 h post-hatch recorded higher (p < 0.05) final live weights (2402.00 and 2391.00 g/bird) than those fed at 48 h post-hatch (2133.00 g/bird). Interaction effects showed that the Marshal strain fed at 4 h post-hatch had the highest (p < 0.05) final live weight (2594.00 g/bird). Highest (p < 0.05) serum total protein and albumin (37.3 and 22.8 g/l) were recorded in birds fed at 4 h post-hatch when assessed at 4 weeks of age. Furthermore, birds fed at 4 h and 24 h post-hatch recorded higher (p < 0.05) serum total protein and albumin than those fed at 48 h post-hatch. Birds fed at 4 h post-hatch recorded the highest (p < 0.05) duodenal villus height at 4th and 8th week of age and highest (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height when assessed in the 2nd week of age. It was concluded that Marshal strain fed at 4 h post-hatch elicited the highest growth performance and the most developed gut morphological features.

Enhancing Routine Immunization Performance using Innovative Technology in an Urban Area of Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Routine Immunization (RI)is known to beone of the most cost-effective public health strategies ever, and a cornerstone among all primary healthcare efforts but has been bedevilledin Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) in the last two decadesby poor coverage and lack of timeliness -both due, among other factors, to clients forgetting appointments. These setback RI effectiveness from ensuring herd immunity and preventing disease. Across the world, different cost-effective mobile telephone-based reminder systems are currently in use as strategies for improving coverage and compliance in various health interventions.Their application to RI is thereforehighly recommended. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to provide evidence validating the need for development and deployment of automated client Reminder-Recall systems for the Nigerian National Routine Immunisation Program and to compare its projected cost withthe cost of a health personnel-based defaulter tracking system. METHODOLOGY: A multi-centre, parallel-group, Randomized Controlled Trial was carried outusing multi-stage sampling.Nine hundred and five child-caregivers were followed-upat 8 health facilities in an urban/sub-urban area in South-South Nigeria.Text messagereminders were sent to the Intervention group only, with concurrent weekly data collection, including that for controls, at each of the enrolled health facilities. Recall messages were sent to defaulters and their responses (presence at immunization session) assessed the next RI session. Receipt of DPT3 vaccine on or before the 18th week was categorized early, while receiptafter was categorized delayed. RESULTS: Clients in the Interventiongroup were1.5times earlier than Controls intheir receipt of DPT3. Immunization coverage was also 8.7%better in the Interventiongroup. A first year estimate of cost of deploying this strategy was less than a quarter ofthe estimated cost of using home-visits which is the defaulter tracking method currently recommended by regulatory authorities. CONCLUSION: Routine immunization performance was significantly better in the Interventiongroup who received SMS reminders compared to the controls who did not. Since this occurred at a cheaper rate than projected costs of home visits, in a habitual stock-out situation, this is ample evidence for health policy-makers in LMICs to leverage the ever expanding mobile telecom platforms for future sustainable improvements in routine immunisation performance and even other disease control efforts in Nigeria.