Prevalence and systemic associations of retinal vascular occlusions in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Background: Retinal vascular occlusions are a common cause of visual impairment. Studies on retinal vascular occlusions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have primarily been retrospective and on retinal vein occlusion (RVO) only. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the prevalence and pattern of retinal vascular occlusions and their systemic associations in SSA. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study involving all new patients presenting at the general ophthalmic and specialty retina clinics in four hospitals in Nigeria over a 1 year period. All the patients underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The demographic and clinical data of patients with retinal vascular occlusions were entered into an excel sheet and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0. Statistical significance was indicated by P < 0.05. Results: A total of 8614 new patients were seen, and a diagnosis of retinal vascular occlusion was made in 90 eyes of 81 patients giving a disease prevalence of 0.9%. Eighty-one eyes of 72 (88.9%) patients had RVO, while 9 eyes of 9 (11.1%) patients had retinal artery occlusion (RAO). The mean age of patients with RVO and RAO was 59.5 years and 52.4 years, respectively. Increasing age, hypertension, and diabetes were the significant associations with retinal vascular occlusion with P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Retinal vascular occlusions are an increasing cause of retinal disease in SSA and tend to occur at an earlier age. They are associated with hypertension, diabetes, and increasing age. Further studies will, however, be required to establish the demographic and clinical profile of patients with RAO in the region.

Résumé Contexte: Les occlusions vasculaires rétiniennes sont une cause fréquente de la déficience visuelle. Les études sur les occlusions vasculaires rétiniennes en Afrique subsaharienne (SSA) ont été principalement rétrospectives et uniquemment sur l'occlusion veineuse rétinienne (RVO). Le but de cette étude était donc de determiner la prévalence et le schéma des occlusions vasculaires rétiniennes et leurs associations systémiques en Afrique subsaharienne. Matériels et méthodes: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale hospitalière portant sur tous les nouveaux patients se présentant aux cliniques d'ophtalmologie générale et de rétine spécialisée dans quatre hôpitaux au Nigéria sur une période d'un an. Tous les patients ont subi un examen ophtalmologique complet. Les données démographiques et cliniques des patients avec des occlusions vasculaires rétiniennes ont été saisies dans une feuille excel et elles ont été analysées à l'aide du paquet statistique pour les sciences sociales (SPSS) logiciel version 22.0. La signification statistique était indiquée par P < 0,05. Résultats: Au total, 8614 nouveaux patients ont été vus et un diagnostic d'une occlusion vasculaire rétinienne a été réalisée dans 90 yeux de 81 patients donnant une prévalence de la maladie de 0,9 %. Quatre-vingt-un yeux de 72 (88,9 %) patients avaient RVO, tandis que 9 yeux de 9 (11,1%) patients avaient une occlusion de l'artère rétinienne (RAO). L'âge moyen des patients avec RVO et RAO était de 59,5 ans et 52,4 ans, respectivement. L'augmentation de l'âge, l'hypertension et le diabète étaient les associations significatives avec l'occlusion vasculaire rétinienne avec P < 0,0001. Conclusion: Les occlusions vasculaires rétiniennes sont une cause croissante de maladie rétinienne en Afrique subsaharienne et elles ont tendance à survenir à un âge plus précoce. Elles sont associées à l'hypertension, au diabète et à l'âge. D'autres études seront cependant nécessaires pour établir la démographie et le profil clinique des patients atteints de RAO dans la région. Mots-clés: Diabète, hypertension, occlusion artérielle rétinienne, occlusion veineuse rétinienne.

Exudative Retinal Detachment in Nigerians: Demographics and Causes.

Background: Exudative retinal detachment (ERD) is a rare type of retinal detachment (RD), and information on its causes and presentation in Nigerians and Black Africans is scarce. Aim: To report the prevalence, vision at presentation, and causes of ERD in a cohort of RD patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective, multicentre, hospital-based study. We examined consecutive eyes diagnosed with ERD in ophthalmic patients seen within 1 year in four ophthalmic hospitals in Nigeria. The patients had a complete eye examination, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure measurement, slit lamp examination of the anterior segment, dilated fundus examination, and other ancillary investigations. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Nine out of 237 patients were diagnosed with ERD, giving a hospital-based prevalence of 3.8% of RDs. The mean age of patients was 45.8 ± 21.6 years (6 months-80 years), male:female = 2:1. ERD was bilateral in one patient and unilateral in eight patients. There was no gender association (P = 0.84), but systemic disease was associated with a risk of ERD (P = 0.001). Five out of 9 (55.6%) patients had an associated systemic disease. The systemic diseases include two patients (40%) who had chronic renal failure, two patients (40%) who had systemic hypertension, and one patient (10%) who had lung cancer. Other ocular causes of ERD include post endophthalmitis, coats disease, and age-related macular degeneration in one eye each. 80 % of eyes were blind at presentation. Conclusion: ERD is a rare form of RD in Nigerians and is associated with systemic diseases. There are inflammatory, neoplastic, vascular, and degenerative causes of ERD. At presentation, most eyes are blind. Early presentation will be beneficial in salvaging vision. Also, awareness of the occurrence and causes of ERD should be created amongst eye care practitioners.

Prevalence and systemic associations of retinal vascular occlusions in Sub­Saharan Africa

Background: Retinal vascular occlusions are a common cause of visual impairment. Studies on retinal vascular occlusions in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) have primarily been retrospective and on retinal vein occlusion (RVO) only. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the prevalence and pattern of retinal vascular occlusions and their systemic associations in SSA. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based, cross sectional study involving all new patients presenting at the general ophthalmic and specialty retina clinics in four hospitals in Nigeria over a 1 year period. All the patients underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The demographic and clinical data of patients with retinal vascular occlusions were entered into an excel sheet and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0. Statistical significance was indicated by P < 0.05. Results: A total of 8614 new patients were seen, and a diagnosis of retinal vascular occlusion was made in 90 eyes of 81 patients giving a disease prevalence of 0.9%. Eighty one eyes of 72 (88.9%) patients had RVO, while 9 eyes of 9 (11.1%) patients had retinal artery occlusion (RAO). The mean age of patients with RVO and RAO was 59.5 years and 52.4 years, respectively. Increasing age, hypertension, and diabetes were the significant associations with retinal vascular occlusion with P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Retinal vascular occlusions are an increasing cause of retinal disease in SSA and tend to occur at an earlier age. They are associated with hypertension, diabetes, and increasing age. Further studies will, however, be required to establish the demographic and clinical profile of patients with RAO in the region

Clinical characteristics of morning glory disc anomaly in South India.

PURPOSE: Reports of morning glory disc anomaly (MGDA) in India have mostly been case reports. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and clinical profile of patients with MGDA in South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records of patients with MGDA seen at a tertiary eye hospital in South India over a period of 8 years was carried out. The patients' demographic and clinical data were extracted from the case files and were entered into Epi Info reporting software version 7.2.3.0 and then analyzed. RESULTS: There were 51 eyes of 44 patients with MGDA comprised 25 (56.8%) males and 19 (43.2%) females. Seven (15.9%) patients had bilateral MGDA. The mean age for females was 5.8 years (standard deviation [SD]: 5.8) and for males, 11.2 years (SD: 12.1). This difference was not statistically significant with a P = 0.07. The most common ocular associations were strabismus, refractive error, and retinal detachment, whereas the most common systemic associations were cleft lip and cleft palate. Fifty-one percent of eyes were blind at presentation. CONCLUSION: Patients with MGDA in India tend to present late with poor visual prognosis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of blinding complications are crucial in reducing the risk of irreversible visual loss. Associated systemic abnormalities highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of patients with this condition.

Comparison of platelet-rich plasma and inverted internal limiting membrane flap for the management of large macular holes: A pilot study.

Purpose: To compare the safety and efficacy of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with either platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap for the treatment of large macular hole. Methods: Pseudophakic patients with idiopathic macular holes with a minimum diameter (MD) of 600-1500 µm were randomized into two groups (30 patients each): 25-gauge PPV with either inverted ILM flap (group A) or PRP (group B). Results: Mean MD in groups A and B were 803.33 ± 120.65 µm and 784.73 ± 120.10 µm, respectively (P = 0.552). Mean base diameter in groups A and B was 1395.17 ± 240.57 µm and 1486.90 ± 281.61 µm, respectively (P = 0.180). The median presenting best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was logMAR 0.78 (range 0.78-1.00) and logMAR 0.78 (Range 0.60-1.00) in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.103). Anatomical closure was achieved in 90% (n = 27/30) and 93.3% (n = 28/30) eyes in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.158). Type 1 closure was achieved in 76.7% (n = 23/30) and 83.3% (n = 25/30) eyes in groups A and B, respectively. Median BCVA at postoperative 3-month in groups A and B was logMAR 0.60 (range 0.48-0.60) and logMAR 0.60 (range 0.48-0.78), respectively (P = 0.312). The average visual improvement was 2.0 and 2.5 early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) lines in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.339). None of the patients developed postoperative exaggerated inflammatory reactions. Conclusion: Using platelets for the treatment of large macular holes is as safe and effective as an inverted ILM flap.

The Effect of a Reminder Short Message Service on the Uptake of Glaucoma Screening by First-Degree Relatives of Glaucoma Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of a reminder short message service (SMS) on the uptake of glaucoma screening by first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in North-central Nigeria following a telephone invitation for screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the eye clinic of a tertiary hospital in Jos, North-central Nigeria. Two hundred FDRs of patients with POAG were invited through phone for free glaucoma screening and randomly allocated into two groups. The intervention group received a reminder SMS, whereas the control group did not receive a reminder. Those who failed to turn up for screening were contacted through phone to determine the reasons for their nonattendance. Chi-square test and bivariate analysis were used to compare attendance rate between the two groups. RESULTS: Sending a reminder SMS following a telephone invitation had no effect on the uptake of glaucoma screening. The response rate was lower in the phone call plus reminder SMS group (43.0% vs. 53.0%) though the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.157). Competing needs such as work and lack of transport fare were the most common reasons given for not attending the screening. CONCLUSION: A reminder text message is not an effective tool for increasing the uptake of glaucoma screening in at-risk individuals in North-central Nigeria. Existing barriers to health care in the country need to be addressed before mobile phone technology can be effectively used in increasing the utilization of any free eye screening service.

Risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in a district in South India: A prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, severity, and associated risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a district in South India. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational, cohort study involving babies at risk of ROP conducted in five Neonatal Intensive Care Units in a district in Tamil Nadu, South India. All babies with gestational age at birth of ≤36 weeks and a birth weight (BW) of ≤1900 g with a follow-up period of at least 6 months were enrolled for the study. Neonatal and maternal risk factors were assessed and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis performed to examine the predictors of ROP. RESULTS: A total of 325 infants were screened. ROP was identified in 210 eyes of 106 (32.6%) babies with severe ROP (stage ≥3 ROP) occurring in 14 (13.2%) babies. Low BW (LBW) was the only significant risk factor for ROP on multivariate logistic regression analysis. The mean BW was 1285 and 1452 g for babies with and without ROP, respectively. Treatment was indicated in 22 eyes of 14 (13.2%) infants. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ROP was fairly high and strongly associated with LBW. A relatively low incidence of severe ROP was, however, observed. More effort is, therefore, required towards the prevention of preterm births while the present gains in neonatal care should be sustained to reduce the incidence of ROP and thus childhood blindness in the country.

Outcome of 2 cc pure sulfur hexafluoride gas tamponade for macular hole surgery.

BACKGROUND: Isoexpansile concentrations of intraocular gases are typically used as tamponading agent in macular hole surgery. Using a small volume of the pure form of these gases may achieve the same result without increasing the incidence of postoperative complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomical and visual outcomes following macular hole surgery with 2 cc pure (100 %) sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas tamponade. METHODS: A retrospective study of eyes with idiopathic macular holes that underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with 2 cc pure SF6 gas tamponade. Macular hole surgery was performed alone or in combination with phacoemulsification in eyes with cataract. Preoperative and postoperative data including best corrected visual acuity recorded in LogMAR units, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and optical coherence tomography were analysed. Surgical complications were also recorded. RESULTS: Seventy six eyes of seventy five patients were analysed. A closure rate of 100 % was achieved with reoperation in 4 eyes. There was a significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity from a mean of 0.65 LogMAR preoperatively to 0.36 at 6 months (p value 0.004). Forty five (59 %) eyes gained at least 2 lines on the Snellen visual acuity chart. Postoperative elevation in intraocular pressure (≥30 mmHg) was documented in 3 eyes (4 %). CONCLUSION: Macular hole surgery with 2 cc pure SF6 gas tamponade achieved a high success rate with a low incidence of complications. The smaller volume of gas required makes it a cheaper technique.

Management of Ocular Siderosis: Visual Outcome and Electroretinographic Changes.

Purpose. Ocular siderosis (OS) is a sight threatening complication of retained iron-containing Intraocular Foreign Body (IOFB). Successful localization of the IOFB and timely removal are crucial to its management. The purpose of this study was to review the presentation, management, and outcome of OS at our institution. Methods. A retrospective case series of eyes with OS that underwent IOFB removal from January 2009 to March 2015 at our institution. Results. OS was seen in 9 eyes of 9 patients during the study period. There were 8 males and 1 female with an age range of 31.6 years. An IOFB was in all the eyes. The most common features of siderosis were cataract and pigmentary retinopathy seen in 6 (67%) and 4 (44%) eyes, respectively. Electroretinogram (ERG) readings were reduced in the 9 eyes. The IOFB was removed by pars plana vitrectomy in all the cases with improvement in ERG amplitudes occurring postoperatively in 7 (78%) eyes. Conclusion. A retained iron-containing IOFB can manifest itself after several years with features of OS. A careful clinical and radiologic evaluation is imperative in patients with history suggestive of penetrating ocular injury to rule out retained or occult IOFB and thus prevent this catastrophic condition.

PREVALENCE, PATTERN AND RISK FACTORS FOR RETINAL VASCULAR OCCLUSIONS IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN JOS, NIGERIA.

INTRODUCTION: Retinal vascular occlusions are the second most common retinal vascular diseases following diabetic retinopathy. They are associated with several systemic and ocular pathologies and are significant causes of visual loss. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the prevalence, pattern and risk factors for retinal vascular occlusions in a tertiary hospital in Jos, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective review of all cases of retinal vascular occlusions seen in the eye clinic from January 2011 to December 2014 was carried out. The patients were identified from the clinic register and their case folders retrieved. The following data were then extracted from the files; patients' age, sex, presenting visual acuity, presence of any systemic disorders and type of retinal vascular occlusion. Data analysis was done using Epi Info 7. RESULTS: Three thousand eight hundred and twenty one new patients were seen during the study period and there were 52 (1.36%) cases of retinal vascular occlusions. Only the case files of 44 (84.6%) patients were available and were analysed. These were made up of 17 (39%) males and 27 (61%) females. These had a total of 46 retinal vascular occlusions made up of 37 (80.4%) retinal vein occlusions, 8 (17.4%) central retinal artery occlusions and a case (2.2%) of combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion. Hypertension and diabetes were the most common systemic risk factors while glaucoma was the most common ocular association. CONCLUSION: Retinal vascular occlusions are uncommon in our centre but lead to severe visual loss and are associated with significant systemic pathologies.

Severe anisometropic myopia in identical twins.

High anisometropic myopia is a rare condition in twins. Genetic factors have been implicated in its development and there may be an association with vision-threatening complications. A pair of 11-year-old twins presented with poor distance vision in both eyes. Detailed ocular examination was performed including slit lamp examination, dilated funduscopy, cycloplegic refraction, keratometry and axial length measurement. The objective refraction was -6.50 DS -2.00 DC × 180 (right eye), -1.00 DS (left eye) for the first twin; -13.75 DS -2.25 DC × 180 (right eye), -0.50 DS -0.75 DC × 04 (left eye) for the second twin. This case suggests an underlying genetic defect in the development of myopia.