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1.
PLoS One ; 11(9): e0162389, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27611784

ABSTRACT

The welfare of animals in captivity is of considerable societal concern. A major source of stress, especially for wild animals, is the lack of control over their environment, which includes not being able to avoid contact with human beings. Paradoxically, some studies have shown that interactions with human beings may improve the welfare of wild animals in captivity. Here, we investigated the behavioural (behaviours indicative of cooperation or stress) and physiological (variations in salivary cortisol concentrations) effects of the increasingly used practice of training wild animals as a way to facilitate handling and/or as behavioural enrichment. We evaluated the effects of indoor training sessions with familiar caretakers on nine human-socialised individuals of a wild species, the wolf (Canis lupus), in comparison to nine individuals of its domesticated form, the dog (Canis lupus familiaris). All animals were raised and kept in intraspecific packs under identical conditions-in accordance with the social structure of the species-in order to control for socialisation with human beings and familiarity with training. We also collected saliva samples of trainers to measure GC and testosterone concentrations, to control for the effects of trainers' stress levels on the responses of the animals. During the training sessions, separated from pack members, the animals stayed voluntarily close to the trainers and mostly adequately performed requested behaviours, indicating concentration to the task. Similarly to dogs, the salivary cortisol level of wolves-used as an index of stress-dropped during these sessions, pointing to a similar stress-reducing effect of the training interaction in both subspecies. The responses to the requested behaviours and the reduction in salivary cortisol level of wolves and dogs varied across trainers, which indicates that the relaxing effect of training has a social component. This points to another factor affecting the welfare of animals during the sessions, beside the rewarding effect of getting food and control over the situation by successfully completing a task. As all responses performed by the animals corresponded to cues already familiar to them, the reported effects were likely due to the above cited factors rather than to a learning process. Our results support previous findings suggesting that training is a potentially powerful tool for improving welfare in some wild social canids by creating structured and positive interactions between these animals and their human caretakers.


Subject(s)
Animal Welfare , Behavior, Animal , Stress, Physiological , Teaching , Wolves , Animals , Cues , Dogs , Humans
2.
PLoS One ; 9(9): e108003, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25232956

ABSTRACT

The ability of dogs to use human communicative signals has been exhaustively studied. However, few studies have focused on the production of communicative signals by dogs. The current study investigated if dogs are able to communicate by using directional signals towards some desirable object in the environment and also if they show an apparent intention to manipulate their owner's behavior in order to receive it. Some operational criteria were used to investigate referential and intentional communication: the signal should be influenced by the audience and by the recipient's direction of visual attention; the sender should display gaze alternations between the recipient and the object and attention-getting behaviors, and, finally, the sender should persist and elaborate the communication when attempts to manipulate the recipient failed. Aiming to investigate these criteria in dogs, 29 subjects were tested using an experimental set up in which they could see a desirable but unreachable food and they needed the cooperation of their owners in order to receive it. This study found evidence of all operational criteria, especially for gaze alternation between the owner and the food, which suggested that some dogs' communicative behaviors could be functionally referential and intentional. Nevertheless, similar to other studies about social cognition in animals, it is not possible to distinguish if the dog's behaviors are based on simple mechanisms or on a theory of mind about their owners.


Subject(s)
Food Preferences , Human-Animal Bond , Animal Communication , Animal Feed , Animals , Attention , Dogs , Female , Fixation, Ocular , Humans , Male , Motivation
3.
Rev. etol. (Online) ; 12(1/2): 29-38, dez. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-67687

ABSTRACT

This study investigated whether dogs take into account the human's direction of attention and visual field when they communicate by means of a keyboard with lexigrams. In order to test this, two dogs, Sofia and Laila, were given the choice between two keyboards, one visible and the other one non-visible from the experimenter's perspective. In one experiment, different barriers were positioned in such way so as to block the experimenter's visibility to one of the keyboards, and, in another experiment we manipulated human's signs of attention, like body orientation and visibility of the eyes. Sofia and Laila consistently preferred to use the keyboard that was in the human's visual field. Laila's choice was also influenced by the human's body orientation. Results suggested that the subjects are sensitive to the human's visual access to the keyboard when they use it to ask for food.(AU)


Este estudo investigou se cães levam em conta a direção da atenção e o campo visual do ser humano quando se comunicam por meio de um teclado com lexigramas. Para tanto, duas cadelas, Sofia e Laila, foram submetidas a uma situação em que podiam escolher entre dois teclados, um deles visível e outro não-visível sob a perspectiva do experimentador. Em um experimento, diferentes barreiras foram posicionadas de tal forma a bloquear a visibilidade do experimentador a um dos teclados, e, em outro, experimento manipulamos os sinais de atenção do ser humano, como orientação corporal e visibilidade dos olhos. Sofia e Laila preferiram consistentemente usar o teclado que estava dentro do campo visual do ser humano. A escolha de Laila também foi influenciada pela orientação corporal do ser humano. Os resultados sugerem que as duas são sensíveis ao acesso visual do ser humano ao teclado quando elas o usam para pedir comida.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs , Behavior, Animal , Attention , Visual Fields
4.
Rev. etol. (Online) ; 12(1/2): 29-38, Dec. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-772585

ABSTRACT

This study investigated whether dogs take into account the human's direction of attention and visual field when they communicate by means of a keyboard with lexigrams. In order to test this, two dogs, Sofia and Laila, were given the choice between two keyboards, one visible and the other one non-visible from the experimenter's perspective. In one experiment, different barriers were positioned in such way so as to block the experimenter's visibility to one of the keyboards, and, in another experiment we manipulated human's signs of attention, like body orientation and visibility of the eyes. Sofia and Laila consistently preferred to use the keyboard that was in the human's visual field. Laila's choice was also influenced by the human's body orientation. Results suggested that the subjects are sensitive to the human's visual access to the keyboard when they use it to ask for food.


Este estudo investigou se cães levam em conta a direção da atenção e o campo visual do ser humano quando se comunicam por meio de um teclado com lexigramas. Para tanto, duas cadelas, Sofia e Laila, foram submetidas a uma situação em que podiam escolher entre dois teclados, um deles visível e outro não-visível sob a perspectiva do experimentador. Em um experimento, diferentes barreiras foram posicionadas de tal forma a bloquear a visibilidade do experimentador a um dos teclados, e, em outro, experimento manipulamos os sinais de atenção do ser humano, como orientação corporal e visibilidade dos olhos. Sofia e Laila preferiram consistentemente usar o teclado que estava dentro do campo visual do ser humano. A escolha de Laila também foi influenciada pela orientação corporal do ser humano. Os resultados sugerem que as duas são sensíveis ao acesso visual do ser humano ao teclado quando elas o usam para pedir comida.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Attention , Behavior, Animal , Dogs , Visual Fields
5.
PLoS One ; 7(2): e29689, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22312419

ABSTRACT

Syntax use by non-human animals remains a controversial issue. We present here evidence that a dog may respond to verbal requests composed of two independent terms, one referring to an object and the other to an action to be performed relative to the object. A female mongrel dog, Sofia, was initially trained to respond to action (point and fetch) and object (ball, key, stick, bottle and bear) terms which were then presented as simultaneous, combinatorial requests (e.g. ball fetch, stick point). Sofia successfully responded to object-action requests presented as single sentences, and was able to flexibly generalize her performance across different contexts. These results provide empirical evidence that dogs are able to extract the information contained in complex messages and to integrate it in directed performance, an ability which is shared with other linguistically trained animals and may represent a forerunner of syntactic functioning.


Subject(s)
Comprehension , Dogs/psychology , Language , Animals , Female , Humans , Semantics , Time Factors
6.
Rev. etol. (Online) ; 11(1): 23-36, 2012. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-701995

ABSTRACT

We investigated the effects of past experience on the web construction by the spider Argiope argentata. The spiders were submitted to periods in horizontal position alternated with periods in vertical position (control phase). The observations revealed an improvement in the quality of the second vertical web when compared to the first; disordered web-building behavior when first in a horizontal phase, with resultant web deformities; improvements in web quality after successive web constructions in a horizontal phase; finally, we observed improvements in spiders' performance and a shorter time needed to build their webs when the spiders were submitted to the horizontal phase for the second time. The results suggest that improvements during the horizontal periods were due to changes in the building patterns in the early stages of spider web construction (mesh, frame and radius constructions). Our results favor the hypothesis that this improvement is due to past experience or learning.


Investigamos os efeitos de experiência passada na construção da teia da aranha Argiope argentata. As aranhas foram submetidas a períodos em suportes horizontais alternados por períodos de suportes verticais (condição controle). Os resultados revelaram melhora da primeira para a segunda teia vertical; desorganização do desempenho no primeiro contato com a condição horizontal; melhora do desempenho após sucessivas construções horizontais e finalmente melhor desempenho e menor latência de construção no segundo contato com a horizontal. Os resultados sugerem que a melhora, na condição de horizontalidade, decorre de uma mudança nos padrões iniciais da construção (feitura de amarras/quadro/raios) e apoiam a hipótese de que esta melhora seja um produto de experiência passada ou aprendizagem.


Subject(s)
Animals , Research , Learning , Spiders
7.
Rev. etol. (Online) ; 11(1): 37-45, 2012.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-701996

ABSTRACT

The field of research in environmental enrichment aims at enhancing the welfare of captive animals through the assessment and establishment of adequate environmental and social features. It has generated significant amount of data about procedures which may reduce stress and undesirable behaviors, and promote the performance of the species-specific behaviors in captivity contexts. We here present a brief introduction on the concepts and methods used in the area followed by indications of possible advances through the integration of behavioural and physiological data, the adoption of a comparative perspective and the use of an individual approach in research and in husbandry.


A área de pesquisa em enriquecimento ambiental visa promover melhora na qualidade de vida de animais cativos através do estudo e da implementação de características ambientais e de interação mais adequadas. A área tem gerado conhecimento relevante para a redução do estresse e de comportamentos indesejáveis e para a promoção da exibição do repertório típico das espécies em animais mantidos no cativeiro. No texto, apresentamos uma breve revisão sobre conceitos e métodos utilizados na área, seguida da indicação de avanços possíveis, através da integração de dados comportamentais e fisiológicos, da adoção de uma perspectiva comparativa e do uso de uma abordagem individual na pesquisa e no manejo.


Subject(s)
Animals , Animal Welfare , Animals, Wild/psychology , Housing, Animal
8.
Rev. etol. (Online) ; 11(1): 46-55, 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-701997

ABSTRACT

When separated from their mother, wild and domestic cavy pups emit high-pitched whistles. Whistles are also emitted only by the domestic species in response to food-associated stimuli. We compared isolation whistles (IS) emitted by guinea pig pups separated from their mothers to the food-anticipation whistles (FA) emitted by the same adult individuals in response to a feeding routine. Results revealed no significant differences in the structure of the IS and FA whistles, but showed ontogenetic changes along the period. Results are discussed both in relation to the physiological mechanisms controlling whistle vocalizations and their evolutionary origin in the cavies repertoire.


Quando separados de suas mães, filhotes de preás selvagens e domésticos emitem assobios agudos. Assobios também são emitidos apenas pela espécie doméstica em resposta a estímulos associados à presença de alimentos. Nós comparamos o assobio de isolamento (IS) emitido por filhotes separados de suas mães aos assobios para o tratador (TR) emitidos pelos mesmos indivíduos adultos em resposta a uma rotina de alimentação. Os resultados não revelaram diferenças na estrutura dos assobios IS e TR, mas mostraram mudança ontogenética ao longo do período. Os resultados são discutidos em relação aos mecanismos fisiológicos que controlam a emissão dos assobios e a origem evolutiva desta vocalização no repertório dos preás.


Subject(s)
Animals , Feeding Behavior , Guinea Pigs , Animals, Domestic
9.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 31(supl.1): 79-83, dez. 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-613496

ABSTRACT

Analysis of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites provides a powerful noninvasive tool for monitoring adrenocortical activity in wild animals. However, differences regarding the metabolism and excretion of these substances make a validation for each species and sex investigated obligatory. Although maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) are the biggest canids in South America, their behaviour and physiology are poorly known and they are at risk in the wild. Two methods for measuring glucocorticoid metabolites in maned wolves were validated: a radio- and an enzyme immunoassay. An ACTH challenge was used to demonstrate that changes in adrenal function are reflected in faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Our results suggest that both methods enable a reliable assessment of stress hormones in maned wolves avoiding short-term rises in glucocorticoid concentrations due to handling and restraint. These methods can be used as a valuable tool in studies of stress and conservation in this wild species.


A análise de metabólitos de glicocorticóides fecais é uma ferramenta não-invasiva poderosa para o monitoramento da atividade adrenal em animais silvestres. Entretanto, diferenças no metabolismo e na excreção dessas substâncias tornam obrigatória a validação desse método para cada espécie e sexo investigado. Embora os lobos guarás (Chrysocyon brachyurus) sejam os maiores canídeos da América do Sul, seu comportamento e fiisiologia são ainda pouco conhecidos e estes animais são ameaçados. Dois métodos para mensuração de metabólitos de glicocorticóides em lobos guarás foram validados: um radio- e um enzima- imuno-ensaio. Um desafiio de ACTH foi usado para demonstrar que alterações no funcionamento adrenal podem ser detectadas nas concentrações metabólitos de glicocorticóides fecais. Nossos resultados sugerem que ambos os métodos possibilitam uma avaliação confiiável dos hormônios relacionados ao estresse em lobos guarás, evitando assim aumentos de curta duração nas concentrações glicocorticóides, devidos ao manejo e contenção. Esses métodos podem ser usados como uma ferramenta valiosa em estudos de estresse e conservação com essa espécie silvestre.


Subject(s)
Animals , Feces/chemistry , Adrenal Glands/anatomy & histology , Adrenal Glands/metabolism , Wolves/physiology , Glucocorticoids/isolation & purification , Stress, Physiological
10.
Bol. Acad. Paul. Psicol. (Impr.) ; 78(1): 90-104, 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-67846

ABSTRACT

Começa o interesse anedótico por comportamento animal no Brasil na épocados viajantes, cronistas e missionários dos séculos XVI-XVII, tendo sido nossos animaisobservados no final do século XVIII por Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira fora, contudo, doenfoque etológico. Fritz Müller, radicado em Santa Catarina, no século XIX teve contribuiçõespioneiras à área sem que seu trabalho alcançasse repercussão local. A etologia se firmaentre nós na segunda metade do século XX, com cursos e pesquisas no Instituto dePsicologia da USP, com a inauguração dos Encontros de Etologia e a criação da SociedadeBrasileira de Etologia, entre outras iniciativas, tendo atingido, no limiar do século XXI, umaprodutividade científica plena e diversificada, ainda em desenvolvimento(AU)


The anecdotic interest for animal behavior in Brazil begins with the travelers,journalists and missionaries of the XVI-XVIIth. centuries; our animals began to be observedat the end of the XVIIIth. century by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira, apart, however, fromthe ethological point of view. Fritz Müller, who lived in Santa Catarina during the XIXth.century, contributed with pioneering studies in the area, but his works did not reach anylocal repercussion. Ethology becomes stronger within us during the second half of theXXth. century, with courses and researches at the Psychology Institute of USP, with theopening of the Ethology Meetings and the creation of the Brazilian Society of Ethology,among other initiatives. At the beginning of the XXIth. century, it reached a complete anddiversified scientific productivity, which is to date still under development(AU)

11.
Bol. - Acad. Paul. Psicol ; 28(2): 178-186, dez. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-47365

ABSTRACT

A Psicologia no Brasil, que se desenvolveu de forma impressionante nas últimas décadas, encontra-se no momento de integrar suas vertentes e compor um projeto centrado na contribuição social. Nesse contexto de engajamento estão as personalidades homenageadas, Pedro de Alcântara, pediatra, Patrono da Cadeira 19 da Academia Paulista de Psicologia, e Haim Grünspun, psiquiatra, seu último ocupante. Ambos dedicaram sua carreira ao estudo e à defesa da criança. Pedro de Alcântara que teve um papel importante no desenvolvimento institucional da higiene mental infantil entendia que não se pudesse atender à criança sem levar em conta suas necessidades psicológicas. Haim Grünspun, sem deixar de defender um enfoque multidisciplinar, deu destaque aos determinantes psicológicos. Contribuiu, com seus livros e artigos, ao estabelecimento da psiquiatria infantil entre nós. Além disso, lutou em prol dos direitos dos menores e das formas várias de atendê-los, através da atuação social e da intervenção dirigida ao contexto familiar. A pesquisa moderna tem desvendado, com rigor e inovação, os complexos processos que regem o comportamento de crianças, mostrando o modo como a programação evolutiva integra-se às condições do ambiente sociocultural e abrindo perspectivas para a prática psicológica(AU)


Psychology in Brazil, which has developed in an impressive manner during these last decades, finds itself in the right moment to integrate its aspects and to compose a project centered in the social contribution. The following personalities distinguished are within this context of engagement: Pedro de Alcântara, pediatrician, Patron of Chair #19 of the São Paulo Academy of Psychology; and Haim Grünspun, psychiatrist, its last occupant. Both dedicated their careers to the study and protection of the child. Pedro de Alcantara, who had an important roll in the institutional development of the infantile mental health, could not understand the child’s attendance without taking into account his psychological needs. Haim Grünspun, notwithstanding his defending a multidisciplinar focus, gave emphasis to the psychological determinants. He contributed with his books and articles, toward the establishment of the infantile psychiatry between us. Furthermore, he fought for the rights of children and the various manners of attending them, through social action and the intervention directed to the family context. Modern research has unveiled, with rightness and innovation, the complex processes that rule children’s behavior, showing the way how the evolutive programming integrates with the conditions of the sociocultural environment and opening perspectives to the psychological practice(AU)

12.
Anim Cogn ; 11(2): 329-38, 2008 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18000692

ABSTRACT

As a consequence of domestication, dogs have a special readiness for communication with humans. We here investigate whether a dog might be able to acquire and consistently produce a set of arbitrary signs in her communication with humans, as was demonstrated in "linguistic" individuals of several species. A female mongrel dog was submitted to a training schedule in which, after basic command training and after acquiring the verbal labels of rewarding objects or activities, she learned to ask for such objects or activities by selecting lexigrams and pressing keys on a keyboard. Systematic records taken during spontaneous interaction with one of the experimenters showed that lexigrams were used in an appropriate, intentional way, in accordance with the immediate motivational context. The dog only utilized the keyboard in the experimenter's presence and gazed to him more frequently after key pressing than before, an indication that lexigram use did have communicative content. Results suggest that dogs may be able to learn a conventional system of signs associated to specific objects and activities, functionally analogous to spontaneous soliciting behaviors and point to the potential fruitfulness of the keyboard/lexigram procedure for studying dog communication and cognition. This is the first report to systematically analyze the learning of arbitrary sign production in dogs.


Subject(s)
Animal Communication , Association Learning , Concept Formation , Dogs/psychology , Language , Animals , Female , Human-Animal Bond , Reinforcement, Psychology
13.
Psicol. USP ; 17(3): 33-44, 2006.
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-33477

ABSTRACT

O artigo retrata dez anos de produção da revista Psicologia USP (1992-2002), quando sob a coordenação de Sylvia Leser de Mello. Neste período, definiu-se, como campo básico de atuação da revista, a reflexão crítica a respeito de temas psicológicos, em contraposição à publicação de artigos empíricos e se adotou uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, concretizada na edição de números especiais (Memória, Inconsciente, Psicologia e Saúde, e outros) e dossiês (Psicanálise e Universidade, Psicologia e Razão Instrumental, e outros) dos quais tomaram parte, na busca de contrastes e convergências, pesquisadores em áreas diversas das ciências sociais e biológicas. A revista contribuiu para a manutenção da memória científica com números especiais dedicados a docentes do Instituto de Psicologia (Psicologia e Etologia, Dante Moreira Leite, e outros). Esta década de esforço participativo foi importante na determinação dos rumos da revista e na preparação de Psicologia USP para novos desafios editoriais (AU)


Subject(s)
Periodical/history , Psychology
14.
Psicol. USP ; 17(3): 33-44, 2006.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-453648

ABSTRACT

O artigo retrata dez anos de produção da revista Psicologia USP (1992-2002), quando sob a coordenação de Sylvia Leser de Mello. Neste período, definiu-se, como campo básico de atuação da revista, a reflexão crítica a respeito de temas psicológicos, em contraposição à publicação de artigos empíricos e se adotou uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, concretizada na edição de números especiais (Memória, Inconsciente, Psicologia e Saúde, e outros) e dossiês (Psicanálise e Universidade, Psicologia e Razão Instrumental, e outros) dos quais tomaram parte, na busca de contrastes e convergências, pesquisadores em áreas diversas das ciências sociais e biológicas. A revista contribuiu para a manutenção da memória científica com números especiais dedicados a docentes do Instituto de Psicologia (Psicologia e Etologia, Dante Moreira Leite, e outros). Esta década de esforço participativo foi importante na determinação dos rumos da revista e na preparação de Psicologia USP para novos desafios editoriais


Subject(s)
Psychology , Periodical/history
15.
An Acad Bras Cienc ; 76(2): 368-72, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15258652

ABSTRACT

Guinea Pig Cavia porcellus pups emit high-pitched distress whistles when separated from their mother. In order to assess the influence of the duration of a brief isolation period on whistle acoustic structure, we recorded the distress whistles of six 8-day old pups separated for 15 min from their group in a novel environment and compared the mean values of the first and last 30 whistle notes. Acoustic analysis revealed, throughout the session, a significant decrease in whistle duration, an increase in mean frequency and a tendency for a decrease in number of harmonics in the first part of the note. Results demonstrate that, throughout a brief isolation period, the vocal response of Guinea Pig pups to isolation undergoes structural changes possibly related to time-dependent changes in motivational state.


Subject(s)
Guinea Pigs/physiology , Social Isolation , Vocalization, Animal/physiology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Female , Male , Maternal Deprivation , Sound Spectrography , Time Factors
16.
An Acad Bras Cienc ; 76(2): 393-8, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15258656

ABSTRACT

Long-distance calls are widespread among primates. Several studies concentrate on such calls in just one or in few species, while few studies have treated more general trends within the order. The common features that usually characterize these vocalizations are related to long-distance propagation of sounds. The proposed functions of primate long-distance calls can be divided into extragroup and intragroup ones. Extragroup functions relate to mate defense, mate attraction or resource defense, while intragroup functions involve group coordination or alarm. Among Neotropical primates, several species perform long-distance calls that seem more related to intragroup coordination, markedly in atelines. Callitrichids present long-distance calls that are employed both in intragroup coordination and intergroup contests or spacing. Examples of extragroup directed long-distance calls are the duets of titi monkeys and the roars and barks of howler monkeys. Considerable complexity and gradation exist in the long-distance call repertoires of some Neotropical primates, and female long-distance calls are probably more important in non-duetting species than usually thought. Future research must focus on larger trends in the evolution of primate long-distance calls, including the phylogeny of calling repertoires and the relationships between form and function in these signals.


Subject(s)
Cebidae/physiology , Distance Perception , Social Behavior , Vocalization, Animal/physiology , Animals , Female , Male
17.
An Acad Bras Cienc ; 76(2): 399-404, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15258657

ABSTRACT

Sequential exchanges of vocalizations (staccatos and neighs) emitted by Northern Muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus were recorded at the Biological Station of Caratinga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Staccatos and neighs containing larger proportion of short elements were preferentially produced during short-range exchanges; neighs, produced by a larger number of participants, were typical of long-range exchanges. Staccatos emitted by animals feeding in a dispersed manner contained a larger proportion of tonal elements than those emitted by muriquis feeding in a cohesive manner. Sequential exchanges seem thus to be constituted by two inter-related subsystems of calls that aid muriquis to coordinate intragroup spacing, despite the poor visibility of the habitat.


Subject(s)
Cebidae/physiology , Social Behavior , Vocalization, Animal/physiology , Animals , Brazil , Female , Male
18.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 76(2): 368-372, jun. 2004.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-386573

ABSTRACT

Quando isolados de sua mãe, filhotes de Cobaia-doméstica Cavia porcellus emitem assobios agudos. Para avaliar os efeitos do tempo de isolamento sobre a estrutura acústica do assobio, registramos as vocalizaçäes de 6 filhotes de 8 dias de idade, isolados durante 15 minutos, e comparamos os valores médios das 30 primeiras e das 30 últimas notas emitidas. A análise acústica mostrou que, no final do período de separação, as notas de assobio se tornavam mais curtas, com freqüências médias maiores e uma tendência à diminuição do número de harmônicos na parte inicial. Os resultados demonstram que, ao longo de um breve período de isolamento, a resposta vocal de filhotes de cobaias sofre mudanças estruturais possivelmente relacionadas a mudanças no estado motivacional.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Animals, Newborn , Guinea Pigs , Maternal Deprivation , Vocalization, Animal , Sound Spectrography , Time Factors
19.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 76(2): 393-398, jun. 2004.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-386577

ABSTRACT

Chamados de longo alcance são comuns em primatas. Muitas pesquisas enfocaram tais vocalizaçäes em uma única ou em poucas espécies, enquanto poucos estudos lidaram com padräes mais gerais dentro da ordem. As características comuns que geralmente distinguem estas vocalizaçäes são relacionadas com a transmissão de sons a longa distância. As funçäes propostas para estas vocalizaçäes podem ser divididas entre intragrupais e extragrupais. Funçäes extragrupais se relacionam com a defesa e atração de parceiros sexuais ou com a defesa de recursos, enquanto as funçäes intragrupais envolvem coordenação intragrupal ou alarme. Entre os primatas neotropicais, diversas espécies exibem chamados de longo alcance que parecem mais associados à coordenação intragrupal, principalmente entre os atelinos. Os calitriquídeos possuem chamados de longo alcance que são usados tanto na coordenação intragrupal como em disputas ou espaçamento entre grupos. Exemplos de chamados de longo alcance extragrupais são os duetos dos sauás e os rugidos e latidos dos bugios. Existe considerável complexidade e gradação nos repertórios de chamados de longo alcance de alguns primatas neotropicais, sendo que os chamados das fêmeas são provavelmente mais importantes do que se costuma pensar, em espécies que não emitem duetos. Estudos futuros devem enfocar padräes predominantes na evolução de chamados de longo alcance em primatas, incluindo a filogênese dos repertórios de chamados e as relaçäes entre forma e função nestes sinais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Cebidae , Distance Perception , Social Behavior , Vocalization, Animal
20.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 76(2): 399-404, jun. 2004. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-386578

ABSTRACT

Intercâmbios seqüenciais de vocalizaçäes (estacados e relinchos) emitidos por Muriquis-do-norte Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus foram registrados na Estação Biológica de Caratinga, em Minas Gerais. Os estacados e os relinchos compostos de grande número de elementos curtos eram principalmente emitidos nos intercâmbios a curta distância; os relinchos, produzidos por um maior número de participantes, eram típicos dos intercâmbios a longa distância. Os estacados de animais que se alimentavam de modo disperso continham maior proporção de elementos tonais do que os emitidos por muriquis que se mantinham agrupados durante a alimentação. Os intercâmbios seqüenciais parecem, assim, constituídos de dois subsistemas de chamados através dos quais os muriquis conseguem coordenar o espaçamento intragrupal, apesar da baixa visibilidade do ambiente.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Cebidae , Social Behavior , Vocalization, Animal , Brazil
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