Variation of Permanent Teeth Crowns in Three Nigerian Ethnic Populations.

BACKGROUND: Tooth variation within populations is important for anthropologists and dentists. The objective was to compare crown dimensions among three Nigerian ethnic populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic caliper was used to measure mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth width of maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth except third molars from study casts of 132 Nigerian subjects with a mean age of 19.03 ± 4.27 years. The Hausa sample was 50 (37.9%) subjects (25 males and 25 females); the Yoruba population was 50 (37.9%) subjects (15 males and 35 females) and the Igbo sample was 32 (24.2%) subjects (16 males and 16 females). Single teeth and sums of groups of teeth were compared between males and females within and among the three populations using analysis of variance. RESULTS: The findings indicated that (1) differences between antimeres are of small magnitude and of no statistical significance; (2) Significant gender differences in tooth dimension was observed with Yoruba and Hausa males having significantly larger teeth but a significant gender difference was only observed for mesiodistal width of the maxillary second molars in the Igbo population; (3) there is a greater similarity among Yoruba and Igbo subjects with differences from their Hausa counterparts with a magnitude considered statistically and clinically significant. CONCLUSION: The crown dimensions of Hausa males and females were significantly smaller than their Yoruba and Igbo counterparts. There were similarities in crown dimensions between Yoruba males and females and their Igbo counterparts. Sexual dimorphism of crown size was observed in the three ethnic groups.

CONTEXTE: La variation incisive dans une population est tres important chez les anthropologues et les dentiste. L'objective de cet oeuvre c'est de comparer les dimensions des couronnes parmi les trios populations ethniques du Nigeria. MATERIEL ET METHODES: Une coulisse electronique a ete utilise pour measure la mesiodistale et le largeur des dents buccolingue de maxilaire et mandibulaire des dents permanent excepte le 3eme molaire, d'apres l'etude sur 132 Nigerians avec un age moyen de 19.03 ± 4.27 ans.L'echantillon des Haoussas etaient 50 (37.9%) sujets (25 males et 25 femelles); la population des Yoruobas etaient 50 (37.9%) sujets (15 males et 5 femmes) et l'echantillon des Igbos etaient 32 (24.2%) sujets (16 males et 16 femmes) des dents individuels et le total de groupe de dents a ete compare entre les hommes et les femmes des trois populations utilisant l' analyse de variance. RESULTATS: Le resultat a indique que (1) les differences entre les antimeres sont de peu magnitude et n'ont pas de signification statistique; (2) La signification de difference de gendre dans la dimension de dent a ete observe chez les males Yoruoba et les males Hauossa qui ont des dents plus large mais une difference de gendre significative a ete observe seulment pour le largeur mesiodistal du second molaire maxillaire dans la population des Igbos ; (3) il y a une grand similarite entre les sujets Yoruobas et Igbos en comparaison a leurs voisin Haoussa avec une magnitude considere statistiquement et cliniquement significative. CONCLUSION: Les dimensions des couronnes des dents de males et femmes Hauossa etaient plus petit en comparaison aux Yoruoba et Igbo . Il y avaient des similarities dans la dimension de couronne des males et femmes Yoruoba et les Igbo . Le dimorphisme sexual de la taille de couronne a ete observe dans les trios groupes ethniques. Most cle: La difference de gendre; l'Anatomie dentaire; Le Nigeria; La population genetique.

Prevalence of Malocclusion in Children between the Age of 10-15 Years in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: Malocclusion has previously been reported by some Nigerian authors with different prevalence values, but not one can be found about population from Calabar area of the country. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion amongst school children who are between the ages of 10-15 years in Calabar metropolis. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among school children aged 10-15 years in four secondary schools in Calabar metropolis, Cross River state, Nigeria. A total of 437 children satisfied the inclusion criteria. They were examined and their occlusal variations such as crossbite, open bite, deep bite, scissors bite, spacing/midline diastema, and molar relationship were recorded. Data was tabulated and analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Analysis of Variance. RESULTS: The results revealed that the overall prevalence of malocclusion was 65%. A total of 84.4% of the children had Angle's class I malocclusion, classes II and III malocclusions were observed in 11.5% and 4.1% of the children respectively; 16.5% showed deep bite, 5.0% had reduced overbite and 7.6% had anterior open bite. About 5.5% (five point five percent) had anterior crossbite, while 3.7% (three point seven percent) had posterior crossbite, 0.5% (zero point five percent) had scissors bite; generalized spacing was observed in 7.4%, (seven point four), while 32.7%, (thirty two point seven percent) had upper and lower midline diastema and 14.2% had crowding. There was no significant difference in gender distributions of malocclusions in this population. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a high prevalence of malocclusion in Calabar with a significant percentage of them showing class I malocclusion.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIF: La malocclusion a déjà été rapportée par certains auteurs nigérians avec des valeurs de prévalence différentes, mais on n'en trouve aucune sur la population de la région de Calabar du pays. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence de la malocclusion chez les enfants scolarisés âgés de 10 à 15 ans dans la métropole de Calabar. MÉTHODES: Cette étude descriptive transversale a été menée auprès d'écoliers âgés de 10 à 15 ans dans quatre écoles secondaires de la métropole de Calabar, État de Cross River, Nigeria. Au total, 437 enfants ont satisfait aux critères d'inclusion. Ils ont été examinés et leurs variations occlusales telles que l'occlusion croisée, l'occlusion ouverte, l'occlusion profonde, l'occlusion en ciseaux, le diastème d'espacement/de ligne médiane et la relation molaire ont été enregistrées. Les données ont été tabulées et analysées à l'aide de la corrélation du moment produit de Pearson et de l'analyse de la variance. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats ont révélé que la prévalence globale de la malocclusion était de 65%. Au total, 84,4% des enfants présentaient une malocclusion de classe I d'Angle, les malocclusions de classes II et III ont été observées chez 11,5% et 4,1% des enfants respectivement; 16,5% présentaient une occlusion profonde, 5,0% une supraclusion réduite et 7,6% une occlusion antérieure ouverte. Environ 5,5 % (cinq virgule cinq pour cent) présentaient un articulé croisé antérieur, tandis que 3,7 % (trois virgule sept pour cent) présentaient un articulé croisé postérieur, 0,5 % (zéro virgule cinq pour cent) présentaient un articulé en ciseaux ; un espacement généralisé a été observé chez 7,4 % (sept virgule quatre pour cent), tandis que 32,7 % (trente-deux virgule sept pour cent) présentaient un diastème de la ligne médiane supérieure et inférieure et 14,2 % un encombrement. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans la répartition des malocclusions entre les sexes dans population. CONCLUSION: L'étude a révélé une forte prévalence de la malocclusion à Calabar avec un pourcentage significatif de malocclusion de classe 1. MOTS CLÉS: Malocclusion, surocclusion, occlusion croisée, diastème de la ligne médiane.

Orthodontic Treatment Needs of Adolescents in North-Western Nigeria Using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs.

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment planning within a public health system needs information on the need for orthodontic treatment within the population. It is imperative to have epidemiological data from which the need for orthodontic care in any region can be estimated. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine the orthodontic treatment need of adolescents in North-Western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted of 200, 12-15-year-old schoolchildren in Northern Nigeria using the Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). A structured interview and clinical examination were used to assess the subjects. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests were used for data analysis with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: There were 19.5% with definite need (DHC 4 or 5) for orthodontic treatment and 15.5% borderline need (DHC 3). The AC scores demonstrated that 1% of the studied subjects had a definite need (AC 8-10) for orthodontic treatment and 24% borderline need (AC 5-7). A statistically significant relationship between AC and DHC of IOTN among the study population (P < 0.05) was observed. Conclusion: Using the DHC of the IOTN, the proportion of subjects estimated to have great and very great treatment needs (grades 4 and 5) was 19.5%. However, only 1% of individuals were in need (grades 8-10) of orthodontic treatment according to the AC. Awareness about orthodontic treatment should be a part of public health planning for this region.

The impact of playing wind musical instruments on the dental arch dimensions in a male west african population.

BACKGROUND: Dental arch dimensions are important considerations in orthodontic treatment planning and monitoring. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the dental arch dimensions in wind and non-wind instrument players (WIP and non-WIP). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study which compared a group of 50 male subjects aged 18-45 years that had been playing wind instruments for a minimum of 2 years with a control group matched for age in the same environment. The arch dimensions were assessed for both groups by measuring their dental casts using a digital caliper. Data was analyzed using statistical Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) version 17. Statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The mean number of years of playing wind instrument among the WIP was 9.26 ± 6.21 years. All the maxillary arch dimensions were larger in the WIP group except for the palatal depth while the mandibular arch parameters in the non-WIP group were larger than the WIP group except the mandibular arch length. The differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The mean maxillary inter-canine width (37.48 ± 1.12 mm), inter-molar width (57.27 ± 1.99 mm), arch length (29.80 ± 2.2.09 mm), and palatal depth (22.21 ± 2.33 mm) for class B instrument (Saxophone and clarinet) players were larger than either the class A instrument (Trumpet and trombone) players or the non-WIP group. These differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Playing a wind instrument as well as the type of instrument played, duration, and frequency of play did not significantly affect dental arch dimensions.

Relationship between Playing of Wind Musical Instruments and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in a Male Nigerian Adult Population.

BACKGROUND: Concern over the impact of playing wind instruments on the stomatognathic system has increased in the last few decades with many health practitioners attending to an increasing number of musical instrument players. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effects of playing wind musical instruments on the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) of male Nigerian adults. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted in the Dental clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Fifty male Wind Instrument Players (WIPs) were recruited for the study and compared with fifty non-Wind Instrument Players (non-WIPs) of the same age, gender and environment. The temporomandibular dysfunction was assessed in both groups using Helkimo index. Reliability test demonstrated an excellent intra-rater correlation (Cronbach's Alpha; 0.98). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 and statistical significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The majority of participants in the WIP group (32, 64%) had mild to severe anamnestic dysfunction score compared with (20, 40.0%) in the non-WIP group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). The class of instruments played, number of years and frequency of play had a significant negative impact on the anamnestic dysfunction of the TMJ with statistically significant difference (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences in clinical dysfunction scores were observed in the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Playing wind instruments including the class of instrument, number of years and frequency of playing affected the TMJ function, especially anamnesis. Clinical dysfunction was not affected by playing wind instruments.

Phylogenetic analyses of bacteria associated with the processing of iru and ogiri condiments.

Analysis of the bacterial community dynamics during the production of traditional fermented condiments is important for food safety assessment, quality control and development of starter culture technology. In this study, bacteria isolated during the processing of iru and ogiri, two commonly consumed condiments in Nigeria, were characterized based on phylogenetic analyses of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. A total of 227 isolates were obtained and clustered into 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on 97% 16S rRNA gene similarity. The OTUs spanned three phyla (Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria), and nine genera: Acinetobacter, Aerococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Lysinibacillus, Micrococcus, Proteus and Staphylococcus. OTUs closely related to species of Bacillus dominated the processing stages of both condiments. Although no single OTU occurred throughout iru processing stages, an OTU (mostly related to B. safensis) dominated the ogiri processing stages indicating potentials for the development of starter culture. However, other isolates such as those of Enterococcus spp. and Lysinibacillus spp. may be potential starters for iru fermentation. Presumptive food-borne pathogens were also detected at some stages of the condiments' processing, possibly due to poor hygienic practices. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Iru and ogiri are important condiments used for flavour enhancement in foods and serve as protein substitutes in diets among rural populations across West Africa. Consumption of these condiments is growing, reinforcing the need to scale up their production. Production of these condiments includes spontaneous fermentation, which often leads to inconsistent product quality and unguaranteed safety. This study has demonstrated the bacterial succession in iru and ogiri processing and highlights species that could be selected and exploited for starter culture development. This study provides a starting point to produce quality and microbiologically safe iru and ogiri condiments.