Carotid Body Tumors: Institutional Experience of 10 Cases and a Review of Literature.

Carotid body tumors are slow growing neck masses that arise from the neural crest cells at the carotid bifurcation. Majority are asymptomatic and are diagnosed incidentally. Surgical excision is accepted as the treatment of choice to reduce complications. In the present series, we report 10 cases of carotid body tumors and our institutional experience. All patients underwent radiological evaluation with an ultrasonography with Doppler, contrast enhanced computed tomography and MR angiography. 6 cases were operated by a transcervical excision. The tumor was excised in tototranscervically. One of the cases required saphenous vein graft intraoperatively due to vascular injury and also had postoperative vocal cord palsy. The rest had an uneventful recovery. Carotid body tumors although rare and seemingly indolent can cause substantial symptoms if left untreated. A prompt multi modality approach is needed for both diagnosis and treatment to avoid major complications.

Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Masquerading as a Laryngeal Tumor: A Case Report.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) commonly metastasizes to various organs such as the lungs, liver, bones, and brain. However, isolated metastases to the head and neck region, especially the larynx, are very rare. This report presents a case of laryngeal growth that was eventually confirmed to be a metastatic deposit from an undiagnosed RCC. We report a case of a 66-year-old male who presented to the clinic with painless neck swelling and a change in voice. The scan showed a soft tissue mass in the thyroid cartilage. Histopathology of the resected laryngeal tumor confirmed metastatic clear cell carcinoma. A metastatic workup revealed a renal mass, and the patient underwent laparoscopic adrenal-sparing left cytoreductive nephrectomy. The histopathological examination established the diagnosis of clear cell RCC. Subsequently, the patient was treated with pembrolizumab and lenvatinib. Follow-up imaging showed no residual or recurrent lesions. This case highlights the rarity of laryngeal metastasis from RCC and the importance of an accurate diagnosis through advanced imaging and histopathological examination.

An Incidentally Detected Case of Atypical Bronchial Carcinoid on Stress Myocardial Perfusion SPECT/CT.

Myocardial perfusion imaging is primarily done to look for stress-induced perfusion defects in patients suspected of having coronary artery disease. However, the rotating raw images can provide significant information on the surrounding structures. The lungs lie near the heart, and any abnormality showing increased uptake can be seen on myocardial perfusion imaging. We report the case of a 52-y-old man with a history of diabetes for the previous 5 y, who presented to the cardiology outpatient department because of occasional chest pain and dyspnea. Electrocardiography and echocardiography showed no significant abnormality. The patient was referred to the nuclear medicine department for stress-induced myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. The raw 99mTc-sestamibi images showed abnormal uptake in the hilar region of the right lung, which, on subsequent investigations, was diagnosed as atypical bronchial carcinoid tumor.

Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor: A case-based review of literature.

Malignant gastrointestinal (GI) neuroectodermal tumor is an extremely rare entity that was first described by Zambrano et al. in 2003 as "clear cell sarcoma (CCS)-like tumor of the GI tract." It shares some of the histopathological features of CCS but lacks the immunohistochemical (IHC) reactivity for melanocytic markers. Most mesenchymal neoplasms of the GI tract belong to the category of GI stromal tumors and are characterized by the IHC expression of c-KIT. In cases, without detectable KIT receptor expression, several differential diagnoses have to be taken into consideration. In this article, we describe such a case and present a review of all the reported cases till date. We also present the current available knowledge on its pathology and molecular genetics along with the limitations in its diagnosis. Here, we report a case of a 32-year-old man with a tumor of the small bowel composed of polygonal tumor cells arranged in solid nests, alveolar pattern, and pseudopapillary and admixed with numerous osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells strongly expressed S-100 protein only. HMB-45, melan-A, CD117, cytokeratin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, and CD-34 were absent. Ki-67 index was 15%. The diagnosis was further confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrating the presence of EWSR1 (22q12) translocation. A final diagnosis of malignant gastroneuroectodermal tumor was rendered. The patient is disease-free for 20 months of postsurgery. The diagnosis of this entity should be considered in the presence of S-100-positivity and multinucleated osteoclastic giant cells and the absence of melanocytic differentiation in a tumor arising from GI tract. Further confirmation can be done by performing FISH analysis.

Second Primary Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue: A Rare Histology.

Spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) is a rare variant of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), characterised by the presence of both squamous (carcinomatous) and spindle cell (sarcomatous) elements. Early detection and improvement in treatment for oral SCC lead to prolonged survival, thereby increasing the frequency of second primary tumours (SPTs) in the oral cavity. In this paper, we report a case of SpCC of the tongue in a 62-year-old male with a history of SCC; the right lateral border of his tongue status post-treatment completion four years ago, now presented with a polypoidal growth over the tip of his tongue for four months. An immunohistochemical study revealed features suggestive of SpCC (spindle cell pattern of cells, expression of vimentin, immunopositivity for cytokeratin (membranous), and focally positive for p40 (nuclear)). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a spindle cell variant of SCC presenting as a second primary in an oral cancer survivor patient.

Application of the Indian Academy of Cytologists Recommendations for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology in Routine Reporting of Ascitic Fluid Specimen and Assessment of the Risk of Malignancy.

Background: A five-tiered reporting system for effusion fluid cytology has been published by the Indian Academy of Cytologists (IAC). Only a single study has evaluated the applicability of this system in routine reporting. Aims: We intend to evaluate the practical utility of this system in routine reporting of ascitic fluid cytology. Materials And Methods: Nine hundred and sixty-one cases of ascitic fluid cytology were included in this study. The clinical, radiological, cytomorphological, and follow-up data of these cases were reviewed. All cases were recategorized according to the proposed IAC system, and the risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category was estimated. Results: Age of the patients ranged from 1 to 92 years, and fluid volume ranged from 10 ml to 3 l. The number of cases included in each category and their respective ROM were as follows: category 1: 41, 21.42%; category 2: 805, 14.9%; category 3: 5, 33.3%; category 4: 31, 90%; and category 5:79, 96.4%. Conclusions: The new IAC guidelines for the serous fluid is representative, informative, and could be easily applied at our institutional level. We used the recommended diagnostic categories for reclassifying the ascitic fluid samples based on their cytosmear findings and conclude that the system has enormous utility at each level starting from the collection of fluid samples till the delivery of the report.

Signet ring cell lymphoma of follicular type with BCL2 gene rearrangement: A rare case with a short review of literature.

A case of signet ring cell lymphoma of presacral lymph node is reported. The patient was diagnosed as follicular lymphoma on the basis of clinical and laboratory features, including immunohistochemistry (IHC) and gene rearrangement studies. Light microscopy examination showed neoplastic atypical cells with signet ring cell morphology in core biopsy of lymph node that stained for B-cell markers by IHC. In addition, the neoplastic cells expressed CD20, CD10, BCL-2, and BCL-6, indicating follicular center origin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization study demonstrated BCL2 gene arrangement. Especially in the case of deep-seated intra-abdominal lymph nodes with atypical presentation, the differential diagnosis arises with nonhemopoietic tumors, and this needs to be distinguished by specific immunostaining and gene arrangement studies.

Metastatic primary gastric melanoma: a rare clinical presentation and a review of literature.

Primary gastric melanoma is a rare clinical finding. It presents with upper gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain, weight loss and melaena. It is often difficult to differentiate a primary gastric melanoma from primary cutaneous melanoma with gastric metastasis. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy of the lesion for histopathology and immunohistochemistry help to reach a definite diagnosis. We report a case of primary gastric melanoma with metastases to the liver and bone. The patient was treated with palliative radiotherapy, palliative chemotherapy and a bone-stabilising agent.

Inguinal lymph node metastasis in treated breast cancer: an extremely rare presentation and review of literature.

Metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes from breast cancer is extremely rare and only a handful of cases have been reported in the literature to date. We report a case of a postmenopausal female patient who was a treated case of right breast cancer and developed inguinal metastases after 9 months. An excisional biopsy of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis. A positron emission tomography-CT scan revealed retropectoral and pelvic lymphadenopathy. The patient was treated with palliative radiotherapy to the inguinal and pelvic regions followed by palliative chemotherapy. The patient survived for 4 months after the detection of inguinal metastasis.

Adequacy in pleural effusion: What is the minimum volume required for detection of malignant cells?

BACKGROUND: Adequacy criteria of pleural fluid volume for optimal reporting are contentious, and very little literature is available to date. This problem has not been addressed in the novel International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 939 pleural fluid samples. Five volume bins were created: 0-9.9 ml, 10-19.9 ml, 20-34.9 ml, 35-69.9 ml, and > 70 ml and included 203, 222, 314, 174, and 26 samples, respectively. Volume bins were compared across various categories using a Chi-square test. A malignancy fraction was used to assess diagnostic accuracy. Descriptive statistics for categorical variables were done with median and interquartile range. A ROC curve was constructed to find if pleural fluid volume can be used to detect malignancy. A cut-off volume was found which can detect malignancy with optimum sensitivity. RESULTS: The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve showed that 55% of the time, the pleural volume can detect malignancy correctly. From the coordinates of the curve it was found that for a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 40%, a cut-off volume of 13.5 ml of pleural fluid is sufficient to detect malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend 13.5 ml as the minimum volume cut-off for a satisfactory pleural effusion cytology report. Below this volume, the false-negative rates increase, and the specimen may be deemed as limited for a conclusive diagnosis. As the volume rises above this threshold volume, the false negativity rate decreases but does not significantly improve malignant cells' detection.

Congenital Acinar Cystic Transformation of the Pancreas with Proximal Jejunal Atresia and Hepatic Iron Overload: An Autopsy Case.

Introduction: Acinar cystic transformation (ACT) of the pancreas is characterized by multiple cysts lined by dual ductal and acinar-type of epithelium. ACT is typically a disease of adulthood and has not been described in a neonate. Case report: Autopsy of this term 3-day old male demonstrated cystic transformation of the entire pancreas measuring 42 mm in its largest dimension. The main pancreatic duct was patent. The numerous variable-sized cysts were lined by both ductal (CK7-positive) and acinar (trypsin-positive) epithelium. Congenital hemochromatosis of the liver, complete proximal jejunal atresia, gangrene of the post-atretic jejunum, and subglottic stenosis were associated features. Discussion/Conclusion: ACT may occur in the neonate in association with other abnormalities.

Cytology of angiofibroma of soft tissue of the inguinal region.

Angiofibroma of the soft tissue is a recently described benign fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumour. This report describes the cytology of an angiofibroma of soft tissue occurring in a 30-year-old lady which showed bland spindle cells, occasional polygonal cells with nuclear grooving, prominent vessels, frayed stroma around the blood vessels, and scattered lymphocyte-rich inflammatory cells in the background.

SMARCA4/BRG1-Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma.

CONTEXT.­: Molecular analysis of poorly differentiated/undifferentiated sinonasal neoplasms has resulted in identification of a growing number of genetically defined tumors. SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma is one such recently described entity that emerged from within sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), and teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS). OBJECTIVE.­: To identify SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinomas from a large institutional cohort of poorly differentiated/undifferentiated carcinomas and evaluate their clinicopathologic features. DESIGN.­: SMARCA4/BRG1 immunohistochemistry was performed on all tumors diagnosed as SNUC, poorly differentiated carcinoma, NEC, and TCS during a 12-year period. SMARCA2/BRM and INSM1 immunostaining was performed in SMARCA4-deficient cases. RESULTS.­: Twelve SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinomas were identified among 299 cases. Morphologically, 5 cases were large cell NEC, 2 cases were small cell NEC, and 5 were TCS. SMARCA4 loss was diffuse and complete in 10 cases, while 2 cases showed focal retention. Most cases showed diffuse cytokeratin staining accompanied by weak, usually focal staining for chromogranin and synaptophysin. INSM-1 showed negativity in most cases. All cases showed retained SMARCA2 expression. IDH1/2 mutation was absent in all cases analyzed. Four of 7 patients died of disease, and aggressive multimodality treatment provided better outcome. CONCLUSIONS.­: SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinomas are morphologically akin to sinonasal poorly differentiated NECs and TCS, display cytokeratin positivity and only focal staining for neuroendocrine markers, and have aggressive biological behavior. Inclusion of SMARCA4 in the immunohistochemical panel for diagnostic workup of all sinonasal NEC and TCS phenotypes will facilitate their early recognition. Comprehensive germline and somatic mutational analyses of these tumors are necessary for further insights into their molecular pathogenesis.