[The symptomatology and prevalence of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in Manisa, Turkey]. / Manisa ilinde premenstrüel sendrom belirti orüntüsü ve belirti yayginliginin arastirilmasi

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms, the frequency and severity of the symptoms, and their association with sociodemographic variables in fertile women between the ages of 15 and 49 years. METHOD: The study included 541 women living in the area of the 7th Primary Health Care Center of Manisa, Turkey. Face-to-face interviews were conducted and a sociodemographic data form, a DSM-IV diagnostic criteria form, and the premenstrual evaluation form (PEF) were administered. In the analysis of the data, K-means cluster analysis was performed and cluster analysis with 3 categories according to the severity was used. In the evaluation of the 18 subscales possible maximum variation quotient is obtained by dividing the maximum possible PEF score to the scores the subjects got. In the group comparison analyses, chi-square test for the categorical variables, and t-test for continuous variables were used. RESULTS: Among the study group, 6.1% had severe PMS symptoms and 72.2% of these women had some dysfunction as defined by DSM-IV. The most common symptoms were feeling irritable and restless (72%), anxiety (67.3%), feeling fullness, discomfort or pain in the abdomen (66.6%), lack of energy or easily fatigued (66.6%), and fatigue in the legs (65.5%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the risk of PMS was 6.1%. The most common and severe PMS symptoms were feeling irritable and restless.

Depression and anxiety in hyperthyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine symptomatology of depression and anxiety in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism and compare with euthyroid patients. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with hyperthyroidism (high free T3 and free T4, and suppressed TSH) and 30 euthyroid (normal free T3, free T4, and TSH) controls attending the Endocrinology Out-Patient Department at Celal Bayar University Hospital in Manisa, Turkey were included in the study. Hormonal screening was performed by immunoassay and hemagglutination method. For psychiatric assessment, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HAD], Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D], and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAM-A] were used. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of demographic features. RESULTS: Total scores obtained both from HAM-D and HAM-A were significantly greater in the hyperthyroidism group than that of the euthyroid group (p <0.05); there was no difference in terms of HAD. When compared in terms of symptomatology, early insomnia (HAM-D#6), work and activities (HAM-D#7), psychic anxiety (HAM-D#10), weight loss (HAM-D#16), insomnia (HAM-A#4), and cardiovascular symptoms (HAM-A#8) were significantly more frequent in the hyperthyroidism group. By Wilks lambda discriminant analysis, psychomotor agitation (HAM-D#9), weight loss (HAM-D#16), and insomnia (HAM-A#4) were found as the discriminating symptoms for the hyperthyroidism group, whereas somatic anxiety (HAM-A#11) and loss of interest (HAD#14) were distinguishing symptoms of the euthyroidism group. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperthyroidism and syndromal depression-anxiety have overlapping features that can cause misdiagnosis during acute phase. For differential diagnosis, one should follow-up patients with hyperthyroidism with specific hormonal treatment and evaluate persisting symptoms thereafter. In addition to specific symptoms of hyperthyroidism, psychomotor retardation, guilt, muscle pain, energy loss, and fatigue seem to appear more frequently in patients with comorbid depression and hyperthyroidism; thus, presence of these symptoms should be a warning sign to nonpsychiatric professionals for the need for psychiatric consultation.