ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that influence student involvement and leadership within organizations and to assess the impact of involvement in organizations on professional skill development. METHODS: A printed survey was administered to fourth-year pharmacy students at one college of pharmacy (N=202). RESULTS: Most students (82%) indicated they were involved in at least one organization during pharmacy school and 58% reported holding a leadership position at some point. Factors with the largest impact on involvement in organizations were desire to present a well-rounded image to employers, ability to network, and interest in the activities sponsored by the organization. Involvement in professional organizations had a strong influence on their leadership, teamwork, confidence, and time-management skills. CONCLUSION: That presenting a well-rounded image to employers and having the ability to network with mentors and peers drove student involvement in professional organizations may be reflective of increasing competition for residencies and jobs.
Subject(s)
Leadership , Motivation , Students, Pharmacy/psychology , Curriculum , Data Collection , Education, Pharmacy , Humans , Internship and Residency , Mentors/psychologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Previous studies may have overestimated morbidity and mortality due to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase (KPC) Klebsiella pneumoniae infections because of difficulties in modeling patient comorbidities. This pilot study sought to evaluate KPC virulence by combining clinical and Galleria mellonella models in patients with K. pneumoniae blood stream infections (BSIs). METHODS: G. mellonella were inoculated using KPC(+) and KPC(-) isolates from these patients. Extent and rapidity of insect mortality was analyzed. Patients were stratified by KPC BSI status. Clinical outcomes of mortality and length of stay post-infection for survivors (LOS) were analyzed. Median virulence scores calculated from the insect studies were imputed in the clinical model. RESULTS: The in-vivo model revealed greater mortality in KPC(-) isolates (p < 0.001). Fifteen patients with KPC(+) BSI were matched with 60 patients with KPC(-) BSI. Hospital mortality was greater in the KPC(+) group versus the KPC(-) group (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.00 - 14.34). LOS was longer in the KPC(+) group (p < 0.01). Conversely the virulence score attenuated the association between KPC(+) status and mortality and LOS in the final translational models. CONCLUSIONS: KPC(+) status was associated with decreased virulence in GM. Opposite findings were observed in patients. This pilot study demonstrates that measured virulence from GM may differ from human estimates of virulence.
Subject(s)
Bacteremia/microbiology , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Klebsiella Infections/mortality , Klebsiella pneumoniae/pathogenicity , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Animals , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Bacteremia/mortality , Chicago/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Klebsiella , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Larva , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Animal , Moths , Pilot Projects , Random Allocation , Retrospective Studies , VirulenceABSTRACT
Epidemiological studies have shown a link between carbapenem use and resistance; however, the clinical relationship between antibiotic consumption and the epidemiology of carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CIRE) remains unclear. This study sought to analyze temporal antibiotic consumption trends for relationships with incident CIRE. In total, 310,892 days of therapy and 55 deduplicated CIRE were analyzed. When conservative corrections were applied for multiple comparisons, carbapenem class use and piperacillin-tazobactam use retained significant positive and negative relationships with the incidence of CIRE, respectively.
