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1.
Res Vet Sci ; 152: 307-313, 2022 Dec 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36084372

ABSTRACT

Human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and canine inflammatory mammary cancer (IMC) are the most aggressive and lethal types of mammary tumors with specific characteristics such as exacerbated angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and lymphangiotropism. E-cadherin expression is another specific feature of IBC not previously studied in canine IMC. In this study, the expression of E-cadherin and CADM1 (Cell Adhesion molecule 1) and their possible role as key molecules involved in the pathogenesis of IMC were immunohistochemically analyzed in 19 canine IMC and 15 grade III non-IMC cases. E-cadherin and CADM1 expression was higher in IMC cases (p = 0.002, p = 0.008, respectively). In the IMC group, E-cadherin cytoplasmic immunolabeling was more frequent (p = 0.035) and it was associated to the expression of the angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors COX-2 (p = 0.009), VEGF-A (p = 0.031) and VEGF-D (p = 0.008). The differential mRNA expression between IMC and non-IMC was studied by microarray analysis in 6 cases. E-cadherin gene (CDH1) was not up-regulated in IMC cases at a transcriptional level; interestingly CADM1 was 7-fold upregulated. The differential expression of E-cadherin protein in IMC suggests a possible role of E-cadherin in the characteristic exacerbated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and further support IMC as a natural model for the study of human IBC. Future studies in IBC and IMC including a broad panel of adhesion molecules are necessary to elucidate their role in the metastatic process and angiogenesis.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal , Animals , Dogs , Cadherins/genetics , Cadherins/metabolism , Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics , Dog Diseases/metabolism , Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms/veterinary , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology , Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology , Neovascularization, Pathologic/veterinary
2.
Anim Genet ; 49(6): 564-570, 2018 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30311254

ABSTRACT

The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG) project aims to identify genomic regulatory elements in both sexes across multiple stages of development in domesticated animals. This study represents the first stage of the FAANG project for the horse, Equus caballus. A biobank of 80 tissue samples, two cell lines and six body fluids was created from two adult Thoroughbred mares. Ante-mortem assessments included full physical examinations, lameness, ophthalmologic and neurologic evaluations. Complete blood counts and serum biochemistries were also performed. At necropsy, in addition to tissue samples, aliquots of serum, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma, heparinized plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, urine and microbiome samples from all regions of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts were collected. Epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were cultured from skin samples. All tissues were grossly and histologically evaluated by a board-certified veterinary pathologist. The results of the clinical and pathological evaluations identified subclinical eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract as well as a mild clinical lameness in both animals. Each sample was cryo-preserved in multiple ways, and nuclei were extracted from selected tissues. These samples represent the first published systemically healthy equine-specific biobank with extensive clinical phenotyping ante- and post-mortem. The tissues in the biobank are intended for community-wide use in the functional annotation of the equine genome. The use of the biobank will improve the quality of the reference annotation and allow all equine researchers to elucidate unknown genomic and epigenomic causes of disease.


Subject(s)
Biological Specimen Banks , Genomics , Horses/genetics , Animals , Female , Phenotype
3.
Vet Comp Oncol ; 15(3): 785-792, 2017 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27135991

ABSTRACT

Metastatic dissemination of carcinomas to lymph nodes impacts prognosis and treatment recommendations in human and veterinary medicine. Routine histopathologic evaluation of regional lymph nodes involves haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to identify intra-nodal neoplastic cells; however, identification of small volume metastases (micrometastases and individual tumour cells) may be missed without the aid of immunohistochemistry or additional step-sections. The aim of this study was to identify occult carcinoma metastases in previously diagnosed non-metastatic lymph nodes using step-sections and pancytokeratin (panCK) immunohistochemistry. Samples from 20 regional lymph nodes diagnosed as non-metastatic were serially sectioned and evaluated with panCK. Of these, 25% (n = 5) contained micrometastases (n = 1) or isolated tumour cells (n = 4). This study demonstrates the increased efficacy of serial step-sections combined with panCK immunohistochemistry to identify small volume metastases in regional lymph nodes. The prognostic significance of micrometastases and isolated tumour cells in regional lymph nodes warrants further investigation in veterinary medicine.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Lymphatic Metastasis/diagnosis , Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Neoplasm Micrometastasis/diagnosis , Neoplasm Micrometastasis/pathology , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/pathology
4.
J Small Anim Pract ; 57(10): 548-552, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27486860

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To describe a small subset of canine solitary cutaneous histiocytoma in which lymph node metastasis has been documented. METHODS: Cases of dogs with solitary cutaneous histiocytoma lesions and regional lymph node metastasis diagnosed via histopathology were found through a retrospective search of the databases of IDEXX Laboratories and the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Clinical Diagnostic Laboratories. Information on signalment, history and clinical follow-up was obtained from the submittal form and/or via a questionnaire to the submitting veterinarian. Slides were available for review in seven cases and when possible immunohistochemistry was reviewed or performed by a single pathologist. RESULTS: Eight cases met the inclusion criteria. The neoplasms had the typical appearance of histiocytomas. All tested samples were immunoreactive for CD18 and lacked immunoreactivity for other lymphocyte markers and CD11d. Immunoreactivity for E-cadherin varied among the neoplasms tested. Outcome was known for five dogs and at the time of manuscript preparation three of those dogs were alive 1682 days, 570 days and 318 days post-diagnosis. Of the other two dogs with known outcome, one was euthanased shortly after diagnosis and another was hit by a car. Of the dogs that were eventually lost to follow-up, one was reported to be disease-free 1003 days after diagnosis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Metastatic histiocytoma is rarely reported and distinction from aggressive disease processes such as histiocytic sarcoma may be difficult. Based upon a small number of cases with known outcomes, some dogs with solitary metastatic histiocytoma may experience favourable outcomes.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/pathology , Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/veterinary , Animals , Dogs , Female , Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/pathology , Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/secondary , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymphatic Metastasis/pathology , Male , Retrospective Studies
5.
Vet J ; 211: 32-8, 2016 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27040919

ABSTRACT

Photosensitization, also known as photodermatitis, occurs when phototoxic or photoactive substances accumulate in the skin and interact with sunlight to result in an often severe, crusting, itching or painful dermatitis in unpigmented and/or lightly haired areas of the skin. Primary photosensitization, caused by direct ingestion of photosensitizing agents, has been reported anecdotally in horses after ingestion of alfalfa hay. Between 2004 and 2014, several large outbreaks of primary photosensitization in horses fed primarily alfalfa hay were investigated in California. Alfalfa hay samples were collected and carefully examined for the presence of known photosensitizing plants and pesticide residues but none were identified. Select hay samples were evaluated for unusual fungal infestation and for phototoxicity assay using a specific Candida albicans assay; results were negative. In the 2004 outbreak, a feeding study was conducted with three horses exclusively fed alfalfa hay that was suspected to have caused the outbreak. Two weeks after ingestion of alfalfa hay, two horses developed several lesions in non-pigmented skin characterized as chronic ulcerative and necrotizing dermatitis with superficial vasculitis, which was consistent with photosensitization. In the 2014 outbreak, seven different implicated alfalfa hay samples were analyzed for chlorophyll a and b, and pheophorbide a. These compounds had been suspected to play a role in alfalfa-induced primary photosensitization. The chlorophyll contents ranged from 0.90 to 2.30 mg/g in the alfalfa hay samples, compared to 1.37 and 2.94 mg/g in locally grown alfalfa and orchard grass hay. The pheophorbide a levels ranged from 3.36 to 89.87 µg/g in alfalfa samples compared to 81.39 and 42.33 µg/g in control alfalfa and orchard grass hay samples. These findings eliminate chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and pheophorbide a as possible causes for alfalfa-hay induced primary photosensitization.


Subject(s)
Animal Feed/adverse effects , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Medicago sativa/chemistry , Photosensitivity Disorders/veterinary , Animals , California/epidemiology , Chlorophyll/analogs & derivatives , Chlorophyll/analysis , Chlorophyll A , Diet/veterinary , Female , Horse Diseases/etiology , Horses , Male , Photosensitivity Disorders/epidemiology , Photosensitivity Disorders/etiology , Silage/adverse effects
6.
Vet Pathol ; 53(4): 823-32, 2016 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26933095

ABSTRACT

Feline primary cutaneous lymphomas (FPCLs) account for 0.2% to 3% of all lymphomas in cats and are more frequently dermal nonepitheliotropic small T-cell tumors. Emergence of FPCL seems unrelated to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) serological positivity or to skin inflammation. A total of 17 cutaneous lymphomas with a history of vaccine injection at the site of tumor development were selected from 47 FPCLs. Clinical presentation, histology, immunophenotype, FeLV p27 and gp70 expression, and clonality were assessed. A majority of male (12/17), domestic short-haired (13/17) cats with a mean age of 11.3 years was reported. Postinjection time of development ranged from 15 days to approximately 9 years in 5 cats. At diagnosis, 11 of 17 cats had no evidence of internal disease. Lymphomas developed in interscapular (8/17), thoracic (8/17), and flank (1/17) cutaneous regions; lacked epitheliotropism; and were characterized by necrosis (16/17), angiocentricity (13/17), angioinvasion (9/17), angiodestruction (8/17), and peripheral inflammation composed of lymphoid aggregates (14/17). FeLV gp70 and/or p27 proteins were expressed in 10 of 17 tumors. By means of World Health Organization classification, immunophenotype, and clonality, the lesions were categorized as large B-cell lymphoma (11/17), anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (3/17), natural killer cell-like (1/17) lymphoma, or peripheral T-cell lymphoma (1/17). Lineage remained uncertain in 1 case. Cutaneous lymphomas at injection sites (CLIS) shared some clinical and pathological features with feline injection site sarcomas and with lymphomas developing in the setting of subacute to chronic inflammation reported in human beings. Persistent inflammation induced by the injection and by reactivation of FeLV expression may have contributed to emergence of CLIS.


Subject(s)
Antigens, Viral/immunology , Cat Diseases/virology , Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology , Lymphoma/veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Cat Diseases/immunology , Cat Diseases/pathology , Cats , Immunophenotyping/veterinary , Injections/adverse effects , Injections/veterinary , Leukemia Virus, Feline/genetics , Lymphoma/immunology , Lymphoma/pathology , Lymphoma/virology , Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology , Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology , Lymphoma, B-Cell/veterinary , Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology , Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology , Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology , Lymphoma, T-Cell/veterinary , Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/immunology , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/pathology , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/veterinary , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/virology , Male , Skin Neoplasms/immunology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/virology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/pathology , Vaccination/adverse effects , Vaccination/veterinary
7.
Vet Pathol ; 53(3): 563-6, 2016 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26354309

ABSTRACT

A 14-year-old female spayed Dachshund was presented with generalized scaling, erythema, pruritus, poor quality of hair coat, and progressive weight loss. Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (CETCL) was suspected. Skin biopsies were suggestive of CETCL. However, immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of numerous CD20+ and CD3+ cells. Clonality assay demonstrated a clonal T-cell receptor gamma rearrangement and a polyclonal IgH gene rearrangement. Double-label immunofluorescence confirmed coexpression of CD3 and CD20 by neoplastic cells. By double immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells were CD3+ and PAX5-. The results are compatible with a CD3+, CD20+ CETCL. Coexpression of CD20 and CD3 has been recognized in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Although documented in human CETCL, it has not been reported in canine CETCL. The pathogenetic basis of CD20 expression in mycosis fungoides is explored.


Subject(s)
Antigens, CD20/metabolism , CD3 Complex/metabolism , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/veterinary , Mycosis Fungoides/veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Biopsy/veterinary , Dog Diseases/metabolism , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Epithelium/metabolism , Epithelium/pathology , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/metabolism , Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology , Mycosis Fungoides/diagnosis , Mycosis Fungoides/metabolism , Mycosis Fungoides/pathology , Skin/metabolism , Skin/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/metabolism , Skin Neoplasms/pathology
8.
Vet Pathol ; 53(3): 621-4, 2016 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26253881

ABSTRACT

Chondro-osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas (COREAHs) are rare tumors in the nasal cavity of people, which have not been described in other species. COREAHs in people are minimally invasive and rarely recur following excision. Histologically, these tumors are composed of disorganized, mature, nasal turbinate tissue that is organized into polypoid growths. These growths are lined by respiratory epithelium, contain glandular elements, and are organized around central cores of chondro-osseous matrix. This report describes 3 cases of dogs with nasal tumors that have histomorphology similar to that of COREAH in people. The tumors were all identified within the nasal cavity and were associated with regional bony lysis of the turbinates and surrounding skull bones, a feature that has not been reported in COREAH in people. There was no evidence of metastasis or extension beyond the nasal cavity in any of the 3 cases.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/pathology , Hamartoma/veterinary , Nose Diseases/veterinary , Adenoma/diagnosis , Adenoma/pathology , Adenoma/veterinary , Animals , Bone and Bones/pathology , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dogs , Female , Hamartoma/diagnosis , Hamartoma/pathology , Male , Nasal Cavity/pathology , Nose Diseases/diagnosis , Nose Diseases/pathology , Respiratory Mucosa/pathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
9.
Vet Pathol ; 53(3): 567-73, 2016 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26215759

ABSTRACT

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV1/BPV2) have long been associated with equine sarcoids; deciphering their contribution has been difficult due to their ubiquitous presence on skin and in the environment, as well as the lack of decent techniques to interrogate their role in pathogenesis. We have developed and characterized an in situ hybridization (ISH) assay that uses a pool of probes complementary to portions of the E5, E6, and E7 genes. This assay is highly sensitive for direct visualization of viral transcript and nucleic acid in routinely processed histopathologic samples. We demonstrate here the visualization of BPV nucleic acid in 18 of 18 equine sarcoids, whereas no detectable viral DNA was present in 15 of 15 nonsarcoid controls by this technique. In nearly 90% (16/18) of the sarcoids, 50% or more of the fibroblastic cell nuclei distributed throughout the neoplasm had detectable hybridization. In the remaining 2 cases, fewer than half of the fibroblastic cells contained detectable hybridization, but viral nucleic acid was also detected in epithelial cells of the sebaceous glands, hair follicles and epidermis. A sensitive ISH assay is an indispensable addition to the molecular methods used to detect viral nucleic acid in tissue. We have used this technique to determine the specific cellular localization and distribution of BPV in a subset of equine sarcoids.


Subject(s)
Bovine papillomavirus 1/isolation & purification , DNA, Viral/analysis , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Bovine papillomavirus 1/genetics , DNA, Viral/genetics , Horse Diseases/pathology , Horse Diseases/virology , Horses , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , In Situ Hybridization/veterinary , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/pathology , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Skin/pathology , Skin/virology , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/virology
10.
Vet Pathol ; 52(6): 1067-72, 2015 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25967135

ABSTRACT

Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) has been proposed as an etiologic agent for genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most common malignant tumor of the horse penis. EcPV2 is commonly detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on normal horse genitalia; therefore, unraveling the virus' role in oncogenic transformation requires other methods of detection. In this study, a highly sensitive multiple-probe chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) technique was designed to recognize the E6/E7 oncogenes of EcPV2. ISH demonstrated abundant virus within 6 of 13 penile and preputial SCCs, whereas evidence of solar damage was found in 6 cases that were negative for EcPV2 by ISH. The ISH technique is valuable for studies of pathogenesis, since it demonstrates for the first time that the vast majority of neoplastic cells contain virus. Moreover, hybridization was present in all metastases examined, implying stability of E6/E7 expression in these clonal populations of neoplastic cells. This study contributes to the accumulating evidence for a causal role of EcPV2 in a subset of genital SCCs in horses.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/veterinary , Horse Diseases/virology , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Papillomavirus Infections/veterinary , Penile Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology , Horse Diseases/pathology , Horses , In Situ Hybridization/veterinary , Male , Papillomaviridae/genetics , Papillomavirus Infections/pathology , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Penile Neoplasms/pathology , Penile Neoplasms/virology , Penis/pathology , Penis/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
11.
Vet Pathol ; 52(6): 1172-5, 2015 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25516065

ABSTRACT

Suspected Streptomyces spp infections were identified in 4 cats at UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between 1982 and 2011. Three had ulcerated, dark red mycetomas involving the dermis, subcutis, and fascia with fistulous tracts and/or regional lymphadenopathy. One cat had pyogranulomatous mesenteric lymphadenitis. Granulomatous inflammation in all cats contained colonies of Gram-positive, non-acid-fast organisms. All 4 cats failed to respond to aggressive medical and surgical treatment and were euthanized. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to selectively harvest DNA from the affected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Cloned amplicons from LCM-derived tissue confirmed the presence of Streptomyces spp in the dermatitis cases. Amplicons from the remaining cat with peritoneal involvement aligned with the 16S ribosomal RNA gene for Actinomycetales. Usually considered a contaminant, Streptomyces spp can be associated with refractory pyogranulomatous dermatitis and cellulitis in cats with outdoor access. LCM is useful in the diagnosis of bacterial diseases where contamination may be an issue.


Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/microbiology , Cellulitis/veterinary , Dermatitis/veterinary , Laser Capture Microdissection/veterinary , Streptomyces/isolation & purification , Animals , Base Sequence , Cat Diseases/pathology , Cats , Cellulitis/microbiology , Cellulitis/pathology , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Dermatitis/microbiology , Dermatitis/pathology , Female , Male , Molecular Sequence Data , Paraffin Embedding/veterinary , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary , Streptomyces/genetics
12.
J Small Anim Pract ; 53(8): 445-52, 2012 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22784253

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical signs, major laboratory findings, diagnostic procedures and outcome in dogs with erythema multiforme or epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma of the oral cavity. METHODS: Retrospective analysis identified 14 client-owned dogs with erythema multiforme or epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma of the oral cavity. Histological changes were combined with immunohistochemistry and clonality testing data in selected cases, and a clinical follow-up was acquired. RESULTS: Ulcerative stomatitis with no significant or only minor abnormalities on haematology and serum biochemistry panels was common. Histological features were diagnostic in seven cases. The use of immunohistochemistry distinguished the two diseases in an additional three cases. In four cases, the diagnosis remained questionable, and clonality testing for T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement helped confirm erythema multiforme in one case. Clinical follow-up revealed erythema multiforme in two and epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma in one of the remaining questionable cases. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Erythema multiforme and epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma may affect, but are rarely limited to the oral cavity of dogs, and they usually present as stomatitis. Histological features alone are not always diagnostic. Immunohistochemistry and clonality testing may assist in the differentiation between the two, but in ambiguous cases, repeated biopsy and clinical follow-up are essential.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/pathology , Erythema Multiforme/veterinary , Lymphoma, T-Cell/veterinary , Mouth Diseases/veterinary , Mouth Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Diagnosis, Differential , Dogs , Erythema Multiforme/pathology , Female , Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative/pathology , Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative/veterinary , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology , Male , Mouth Diseases/pathology , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Retrospective Studies
13.
Vet Comp Oncol ; 10(1): 65-73, 2012 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22236371

ABSTRACT

Canine dermal haemangiosarcoma (HSA) is believed to have a better prognosis compared to HSA in other organs, but outcome has only been reported in a small number of dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess outcome and prognostic factors in a larger cohort of dogs with dermal HSA. Clinical data was collected retrospectively for 94 dogs and histopathology was reviewed in 53 dogs. Median overall survival time was 987 days. Dogs of predisposed breed with ventral location and histologic solar changes had longer survivals. Loco-regional recurrence occurred in 72/94 (77%) dogs. Predisposed breeds with ventral location and multiple masses were more likely to develop recurrence. Non-predisposed breeds with invasive tumours were more likely to develop metastasis. Results suggest that dogs with solar-induced dermal HSA may have high recurrence rates, but prolonged survivals. Dogs with non-solar tumours may be at increased risk for metastasis and shorter survival.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/surgery , Hemangiosarcoma/veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , California , Dog Diseases/etiology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Female , Hemangiosarcoma/etiology , Hemangiosarcoma/pathology , Hemangiosarcoma/surgery , Male , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Schools, Veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/etiology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Sunlight/adverse effects , Survival Analysis , Treatment Outcome
14.
J Comp Pathol ; 140(2-3): 132-9, 2009.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19147156

ABSTRACT

Chronic progressive lymphoedema (CPL) in horses, a disease of certain draught breeds, is associated with altered elastin metabolism. The characteristic lesions are seen in the skin of the lower (distal) limbs. This study was based on horses of susceptible breeds, with and without CPL, and on horses of a non-susceptible breed. Skin samples were obtained for examination from the neck (considered a non-affected region) and from the distal limb. The skin lesions were characterized histologically and the dermal elastic fibres were evaluated morphologically and quantitatively. In all horses the mean elastin concentrations were highest in the superficial dermis, gradually decreasing in the mid-dermis and deep dermis. As compared with horses of a non-susceptible breed, affected horses had increased amounts of dermal elastin in both the distal limb and neck, while non-affected horses of a susceptible breed had decreased amounts. The findings support an earlier hypothesis that CPL of horses is a generalized disease. Reduced efficiency of the elastic network in supporting the dermal lymphatics may explain the development of CPL.


Subject(s)
Elastin/metabolism , Horse Diseases/pathology , Lymphedema/pathology , Skin Diseases/pathology , Skin Diseases/veterinary , Animals , Chronic Disease , Horse Diseases/metabolism , Horses , Immunohistochemistry , Lymphedema/metabolism , Skin Diseases/metabolism
15.
Equine Vet J ; 39(5): 414-6, 2007 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17910265

ABSTRACT

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Early diagnosis and monitoring progression of chronic diseases in elastin-rich tissues, such as chronic progressive lymphoedema in draught horses and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still a real challenge in the horse. Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-elastin antibody (AEAb) levels might be useful to assess the status of such diseases. Baseline levels, representing physiological breakdown of elastin in normal horses, are not available at present. HYPOTHESIS: Levels of AEAb in healthy horses are generally low and follow the same age-related pattern as found in man. Therefore, elevation of AEAb levels in serum can be used to evaluate pathological elastin breakdown in elastin-rich tissues. METHODS: Sera of 84 clinically healthy Warmblood horses were evaluated for the presence of AEAbs by means of a modified version of an ELISA technique used in man. The horses were divided in 5 age groups: A) < 4 months; B) 4-23 months; C) 2-3 years; D) 4-10 years; and E) > 11 years. RESULTS: Antibodies to elastin were found in all equine serum samples tested. Their levels were lowest in Group A, low in Groups B and E and highest in animals age 2-10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring AEAbs in serum of horses by an ELISA technique proved to be possible and levels were stable during well-defined life stages. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Changes in AEAb levels are expected to be useful for early diagnosis and for monitoring progression of diseases that affect elastin-rich tissues, such as chronic progressive lymphoedema and COPD.


Subject(s)
Aging/metabolism , Autoantibodies/blood , Elastin/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Aging/physiology , Animals , Chronic Disease , Diagnosis, Differential , Disease Progression , Elastin/blood , Elastin/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/standards , Horse Diseases/blood , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Horses , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/blood , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/veterinary , Lymphedema/blood , Lymphedema/diagnosis , Lymphedema/veterinary , Peptides/blood , Peptides/immunology , Peptides/metabolism , Reference Values , Sensitivity and Specificity , Severity of Illness Index
16.
Equine Vet J ; 39(5): 418-21, 2007 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17910266

ABSTRACT

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Chronic progressive lymphoedema (CPL) is a recently recognised disease of the lymphatic system characterised by lesions in the skin of the lower legs in several draught horse breeds, including the Belgian Draught hourse. Clinical signs slowly progress and result in severe disfigurement of the limbs. Ideally, supportive treatment should be started early in the disease process. However early diagnosis and monitoring progression of CPL is still a challenge. HYPOTHESIS: Elastin changes, characterised by morphological alterations as well as increased desmosine levels, in the skin of the distal limbs of horses affected with CPL are probably associated with a marked release of elastin degradation products, which elicit production of circulating anti-elastin antibodies (AEAbs) in the serum. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of serum AEAbs may document elastin breakdown. METHODS: An ELISA technique was used to evaluate levels of AEAbs in sera of 97 affected Belgian Draught horses that were clinically healthy except for possible skin lesions, associated with CPL in their distal limbs. The horses were divided into 5 groups according to the severity of these skin lesions: normal horses (Group 1, n = 36), horses with mild lesions (Group 2, n = 43), horses with moderate lesions (Group 3, n = 8), horses with severe lesions (Group 4, n = 10) and, as a control, healthy Warmblood horses, unaffected by the disease (Group 5, n = 83). RESULTS: Horses with clinical signs of CPL had significantly higher AEAb levels compared to clinically normal Belgian Draught horses and to healthy Warmblood horses. These levels correlated with severity of lesions. CONCLUSIONS: CPL in draught horses is associated with an increase of serum AEAbs. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Evaluation of serum levels of AEAbs by ELISA might be a useful diagnostic aid for CPL. Pathological degradation of elastic fibres, resulting in deficient support of the distal lymphatics, is proposed as a contributing factor for CPL in Belgian Draught horses.


Subject(s)
Autoantibodies/blood , Elastin/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Lymphedema/veterinary , Aging/metabolism , Aging/physiology , Animals , Breeding , Chronic Disease , Desmosine/metabolism , Diagnosis, Differential , Disease Progression , Elastin/blood , Elastin/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/standards , Female , Horse Diseases/blood , Horse Diseases/pathology , Horses , Lymphedema/blood , Lymphedema/diagnosis , Lymphedema/pathology , Male , Peptides/blood , Peptides/immunology , Peptides/metabolism , Sensitivity and Specificity , Skin/pathology
17.
Vet Pathol ; 43(5): 632-45, 2006 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16966440

ABSTRACT

Histiocytic disorders of dogs include histiocytoma, localized histiocytic sarcoma (HS), disseminated HS (malignant histocytosis), and the reactive histiocytoses: cutaneous and systemic. A common element to these diseases is proliferation of dendritic cells (DC) of either Langerhans cell (epithelial DC) or interstitial DC lineage. In this report, 17 dogs with hemophagocytic HS are described. Breeds affected included Bernese Mountain Dog (6), Golden Retriever (4), Rottweiler (3), Labrador Retriever (2), a mixed-breed dog, and a Schnauzer, which were from 2.5 to 13 years old. The dogs presented with Coombs negative responsive anemia in 16/17 dogs (94%), thrombocytopenia in 15/17 dogs (88%), hypoalbuminemia in 16/17 dogs (94%), and hypocholesterolemia in 11/16 dogs (69%). All dogs died or were euthanized. The clinical course ranged from 2 to 32 weeks (mean 7.1 weeks). Diffuse splenomegaly with ill-defined masses was consistently present. Microscopic lesions were prevalent in spleen, liver, lung, and bone marrow. Metastasis occurred by insidious intravascular invasion with minimal mass formation. Histiocytes were markedly erythrophagocytic and accompanied by foci of extramedullary hemopoiesis. Cytologically, the histiocytes varied from well differentiated to atypical, with atypia more prevalent in spleen than bone marrow. These tumors arose from splenic red pulp and bone marrow macrophages, which expressed major histocompatibility complex class II and the beta2 integrin, CD11d. They had low and/or inconsistent expression of CD1 and CD11c, which are dominantly expressed by canine nonhemophagocytic HS of DC origin. Canine histiocytic proliferative diseases now encompass proliferation of all members of the myeloid histiocytic lineage: Langerhans cells, interstitial DC, and macrophages.


Subject(s)
CD11 Antigens/metabolism , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant/veterinary , Integrins/metabolism , Macrophages/metabolism , Macrophages/pathology , Sarcoma/veterinary , Animals , Bone Marrow/pathology , Dog Diseases/pathology , Dogs , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant/diagnosis , Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant/pathology , Liver/pathology , Male , Sarcoma/diagnosis , Sarcoma/pathology , Spleen/pathology
18.
Vet Pathol ; 43(5): 646-55, 2006 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16966441

ABSTRACT

Histiocytic proliferative diseases include reactive and neoplastic proliferations of dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages. Various forms of DC proliferations have been documented in humans and dogs; their etiology is largely unknown. With the exception of a few case reports, histiocytic proliferations have not been characterized in cats. This study summarizes clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features of a feline progressive histiocytosis (FPH) in 30 cats. There was no breed or age predilection. Females were more often affected than males. Solitary or multiple nonpruritic firm papules, nodules, and plaques had a predilection for feet, legs, and face. Lesions consisted of poorly circumscribed epitheliotropic (13/30) and nonepitheliotropic (17/30) histiocytic infiltrates of the superficial and deep dermis, with variable extension into the subcutis. The histiocytic population was relatively monomorphous early in the clinical course. With disease progression, cellular pleomorphism was more frequently encountered. Histiocytes expressed CD1a, CD1c, CD18, and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. This immunophenotype suggests a DC origin of these lesions. Coexpression of E-cadherin, a feature of cutaneous Langerhans cells, was only observed in 3 cats. FPH followed a progressive clinical course; the lesions, however, were limited to the skin for an extended period of time. Terminal involvement of internal organs was documented in 7 cases. Treatment with chemotherapeutics or immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs was not successful. The etiology of FPH remains unknown. FPH is best considered an initially indolent cutaneous neoplasm, which is mostly slowly progressive and may spread beyond the skin in the terminal stage.


Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/pathology , Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant/veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cats , Female , Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant/diagnosis , Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant/pathology , Male , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/pathology
19.
Equine Vet J ; 38(2): 148-51, 2006 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16536384

ABSTRACT

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Early diagnosis of chronic progressive lymphoedema (CPL) may result in more effective interventions and provide a basis for further investigation of whether early diagnosis could be used as a means of eliminating potential genetic influences by cessation of breeding from affected individuals. HYPOTHESIS: Lymphoscintigraphy may be useful in draught horses to differentiate early lesions of CPL from other conditions in the pastern region. METHODS: Forelimbs of 2 normal and 5 CPL-affected draught horses were evaluated with lymphoscintigraphy. RESULTS: Lymphoscintigraphy showed clearly the presence of interstitial fluid stasis and delayed lymphatic drainage in the affected extremities of diseased animals in contrast to normal animals of these breeds. The rate of decreased clearance of a particulate radiopharmaceutical from the tissues was related positively to the severity of clinical signs. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Our findings support the hypothesis that lymph stasis is probably responsible for the progressive swelling and concurrent skin lesions observed in association with CPL in draught horses. Lymphoscintigraphy should also prove useful in diagnosis of CPL in draught horses, even in the mild stages of the disease; such early diagnosis may result in more effective intervention.


Subject(s)
Horse Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Lymphedema/veterinary , Animals , Breeding , Chronic Disease , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Forelimb , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Horses , Lymphedema/diagnosis , Lymphedema/diagnostic imaging , Male , Radionuclide Imaging , Severity of Illness Index
20.
Vet Dermatol ; 15(1): 3-12, 2004 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14989699

ABSTRACT

Clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of cutaneous lymphocytosis, an uncommon disease histologically resembling well-differentiated malignant lymphoma, were characterized in 23 cats. Clinical outcome was correlated with histomorphology and immunophenotype in an attempt to predict benign vs. malignant behaviour. The disease mainly affected older cats. Lesions were solitary in 61% of cats and often characterized by alopecia (73.9%), as well as erythema, scaling and ulceration. The lateral thorax was most commonly affected (43.5%). Pruritus was frequent (65.2%). Systemic signs included anorexia and weight loss. Morphologically, lesions were characterized by dermal infiltrations of well-differentiated CD3+ T-cells (100%) and aggregates of CD79+ B-cells (64.3%). Cutaneous lymphocytosis is slowly progressive and relatively benign, although in some cats systemic signs led to euthanasia. Four of 12 euthanized cats and one live cat also had lymphoid infiltrates in internal organs. Unfortunately, we were unable to predict clinical outcome by histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of skin lesions.


Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/pathology , Lymphocytosis/veterinary , Skin Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , California/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/etiology , Cats , Female , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Lymphocytosis/pathology , Male , Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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