Development and validation of School Resilience Questionnaire (SRQ) in Iranian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: School resilience, encompassing factors like teacher involvement and school supportiveness, is crucial for positive educational outcomes in adolescents. However, few validated scales measure school resilience. This study aimed to develop and validate the School Resilience Questionnaire (SRQ) for Iranian adolescents. METHODS: The study used a cross-sectional design. The SRQ was developed through expert reviews, interviews with students, and evaluation of existing resilience measures. After expert feedback, the final 55-item questionnaire was used. Participants were high school adolescents from Tehran, Iran (2021-2022). A multi-stage cluster random sampling approach was used. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) involved 200 students, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) included 310 students to validate the factor structure. Convergent validity was assessed by examining correlations with academic support, while divergent validity was evaluated using academic burnout measures. Construct validity and reliability were also assessed. RESULTS: EFA revealed six consistent factors across the sample. CFA confirmed significant and acceptable factor loadings for all SRQ items. Fit indices were RMSEA = 0.076; SRMR = 0.070, CFI = 0.94, NFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.94, RFI = 0.93. Convergent validity showed positive correlations between SRQ subscales and academic support. Divergent validity showed negative correlations between SRQ subscales and academic burnout (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study successfully developed and validated the 55-item SRQ for Iranian adolescents. The questionnaire demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties, making it a valuable tool for research and evaluation purposes in this context.

Measurement of Incus and Stapes Velocity Following Sound Stimulus in the Setting of Incudostapedial Joint Separation and Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: Understand the biophysical property changes of incudostapedial joint (ISJ) separation and ossicular hydroxyapatite application on middle ear function. STUDY DESIGN: Basic science. SETTING: Cadaveric temporal bone research laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A complete mastoidectomy was performed on five human temporal bones. A Laser Doppler Vibrometer was utilized to obtain velocity transfer function measurements of the incus and stapes across a range of frequencies in response to an acoustic stimulus. Under binocular microscopy the ISJ was separated and subsequently repaired with bone cement. Measurements were taken prior to ISJ separation, following joint separation, 30 to 60 min postrepair of the joint, and again 24 to 48 h postrepair of the joint. RESULTS: The stapes measurements taken from the intact ossicular chain and from the chains repaired with bone cement demonstrated a similar distribution of measurements. The ISJ separation showed dramatically reduced velocity transfer function stapes measurements but increased incus velocity transfer function measurements. In the early and delayed repaired chains, the mean velocity of the incus and stapes velocity peaked between 1.5 and 2 kHz, matching intact maximal velocity. Pure tone average at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 kHz demonstrated no change in reconstructed stapes velocity at 24 to 48 h. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated ISJ separation in fresh frozen and thawed temporal bones produces stapes velocity transfer function changes that corresponds with the clinically experienced conductive hearing loss. Repair with bone cement produced similar velocity curves to the intact ISJ curve with excellent recovery across mid-frequencies. This model would be useful for future ossicular mechanical studies.