Multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli in adult male patients with enlarged prostate attending general hospitals in Benue state.

The aim of this study was to investigate multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in urine of adult male patients with enlarged prostate. Three hundred and sixty-eight samples of urine and blood were collected. Escherichia coli was isolated, purified, and identified and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was determined. Multi-drug resistance test and specific drug resistance genes were assessed. Prevalence of Escherichia coli was high (38.5%) in patients with PSA of 60-79 ng ml-1 and 60% were MDR. The isolates showed highest resistance to tetracycline (53.3.0%) and least to cephalosporins (5%). They had intL and gyrA genes, which are integron, and quinolone resistance genes and sul1 and sul2 which are sulphonamide resistance-associated genes. Levofloxacin, ertapenem, and Augmentin (100% susceptibilities) were considered choice drugs for treatment of Escherichia coli infection in patients with elevated PSA.

Police Involvement in Involuntary Psychiatry Admission: A Report From the Dublin Involuntary Admission Study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to compare diagnostic and demographic factors among patients who were involuntarily admitted to psychiatry care with or without police involvement. METHODS: All admissions to psychiatry units in two university hospitals in Ireland were studied over a 3.5-year period. RESULTS: Of 2,715 admissions, 443 (16%) were involuntary; complete data were available for 390 of these involuntary admissions, of which 78 (20%) involved police. Patients with police involvement did not differ significantly from those without police involvement in gender, marital and employment status, or diagnosis. The former patients had a longer mean admission duration and were more likely to be admitted under the "risk criterion" of the Mental Health Act 2001. Multivariable testing indicated that these variables do not independently predict police involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic or demographic factors examined did not contribute to police involvement in involuntary admission. Features such as homelessness, social exclusion, or criminogenic factors might underlie police involvement.

Gender, diagnosis and involuntary psychiatry admission in Ireland: A report from the Dublin Involuntary Admission Study (DIAS).

Involuntary admission and treatment are common, long-standing features of psychiatry but the relationships between gender, diagnosis and other features of involuntary treatment are not clear. We studied all voluntary and involuntary psychiatry admissions at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin over 2 years (n = 1230). Admission rates in Tallaght were lower than national rates for all admissions (224.9 admissions per 100,000 population per year in Tallaght versus 376.8 nationally), voluntary admissions (194.0 versus 328.4) and involuntary admissions (30.9 versus 48.4). Compared to men, proportionately fewer admissions of admissions of women were involuntary (11% versus 16%) and women were more commonly diagnosed with affective (mood) disorders (29.5% of women versus 22.6% of men), neuroses (anxiety disorders) (14.0% versus 8.8%) and personality and behavioural disorders (18.0% versus 9.2%), and less commonly diagnosed with schizophrenia group disorders (21.8% versus 32.0%), alcohol disorders (2.9% versus 4.3%) and drug disorders (3.6% versus 8.1%). Schizophrenia group disorders accounted for a greater proportion of male (63.2%) than female (55.6%) involuntary admissions, and affective disorders accounted for a greater proportion of female (17.5%) than male (12.3%) involuntary admissions. Duration of admission was independently associated with, in order of strength of association, involuntary status, schizophrenia group disorders and increasing age, but duration of involuntary care was not associated with any of these factors. The chief gender-related features of involuntary psychiatry admission are that (a) proportionately fewer admissions of admissions of women are involuntary compared to men, and (b) diagnoses of affective disorders are more common in women, and schizophrenia group diagnoses more common in men. Future research could usefully explore gender differences in grounds for involuntary detention and police involvement in the involuntary admission process. Future research is also warranted into whether gender associations differ in older compared to younger involuntary patients.

Does Involuntary Admission With Bipolar Disorder Differ From Involuntary Admission With Schizophrenia and Related Disorders? A Report From the Dublin Involuntary Admission Study (DIAS).

BACKGROUND: While involuntary psychiatric admission and treatment are common, little is known about what impact different diagnoses have on specific features of involuntary admission and on how involuntary status is terminated (eg, by psychiatrists or tribunals, which are independent, court-like bodies reviewing involuntary admissions). METHODS: We studied 2940 admissions, 423 (14.4%) of which were involuntary, at 3 psychiatry units covering a population of 552,019 individuals in Dublin, Ireland. RESULTS: Involuntary patients were more likely than voluntary patients to be male and unmarried. The median length of stay for involuntary patients was 27 days compared with 10 days for voluntary patients (P<0.001). Schizophrenia (and related disorders, including schizoaffective disorder) and bipolar disorder accounted for 58.6% and 17.3% of involuntary admissions, respectively, compared with 20.1% and 12.4% of voluntary admissions (P<0.001). Psychiatrists revoked the majority of involuntary orders for both patients with bipolar disorder (85.3%) and those with schizophrenia (and related disorders) (86.6%); in contrast, tribunals did not revoke any involuntary admission orders for patients with bipolar disorder and revoked orders for 3.8% of patients with schizophrenia (and related disorders) (P=0.034). On the basis of multivariable testing, increased age among patients with bipolar disorder was the only characteristic among those studied (sex, age, marital status, occupation, involuntary admission criteria, length of stay, method of involuntary order revocation, location) that independently distinguished involuntary patients with bipolar disorder from those with schizophrenia (and related disorders) (P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Involuntary admission of patients with bipolar disorder is similar in most respects to that of patients with schizophrenia (and related disorders). Consequently, it is important that measures aimed at reducing the need for involuntary admission (eg, patient advance statements/advance directives) are implemented equally across all diagnostic groups associated with involuntary care.

Variations in involuntary admission rates at three psychiatry centres in the Dublin Involuntary Admission Study (DIAS): Can the differences be explained?

Involuntary psychiatric admission is an established practice for patients who are acutely or severely mentally ill but the factors contributing to involuntary (as opposed to voluntary) admission are not fully clear. Nor is it clear why rates of involuntary admission often vary between hospitals within the same jurisdiction. We studied all admissions, voluntary and involuntary, in three inpatient psychiatry units in Dublin, Ireland, which cover a population of 552,019 people, over a one-year period (1 July 2014 until 30 June 2015, inclusive), as part of the Dublin Involuntary Admission Study (DIAS). During the study period, there was a total of 1136 admissions to these three units, of which 17% were involuntary for all or part of their admission. The overall admission rate (205.8 admissions per 100,000 population per year) was lower than the national rate (387.9) but this varied substantially across the three units studied. On multi-variable analysis, involuntary admission status was associated with male gender, being unmarried, and a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and was not significantly associated with age, occupation or which inpatient unit the person was admitted to. We conclude that variations in involuntary admission rates between different psychiatry admission units in Dublin are significantly explained by patient-level variables (such as gender, marital status and diagnosis) rather than centre-level variables, but that much of the variation in admission status between patients remains unexplained. Future, multi-level research could usefully focus on other patient-level factors of possible relevance (e.g. symptom severity), centre-level factors (e.g. local mental health service resourcing) and community-level factors (e.g. socio-economic circumstances in different areas) in order to further elucidate unexplained variance in admission status between patients.

Exploring and explaining involuntary care: The relationship between psychiatric admission status, gender and other demographic and clinical variables.

Involuntary admission and treatment are features of psychiatric care in many countries, but the relationship between involuntary status and gender (among other factors) is not clear. We examined demographic and diagnostic factors associated with involuntary admission in a general adult psychiatry service in a deprived area of Dublin's north inner-city over a 7-year period (2008 to 2014 inclusive). Over this period, there were 1099 admissions, yielding an annual admission rate of 504.8 admissions per 100,000 population per year. When adjusted for deprivation, this rate (387.7) was lower than the national rate (413.9). Consistent with other inner-city areas in Dublin, 14.1% of admissions were involuntary, yielding an involuntary admission rate of 71.2 per 100,000 population per year (deprivation-adjusted rate: 54.8), which is higher than the national rate (39.4). After controlling for age, occupation, marital status and diagnosis, the only independent predictors of admission status were place of origin (p<0.001) and male gender (p=0.001). These findings are consistent with studies showing associations between male gender and involuntary status in the United States, New Zealand, Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, France, and Luxembourg. In contrast, female gender is associated with involuntary status in Switzerland, Brazil, and China. These cross-national differences are likely related to differing legal traditions and different criteria for involuntary admission, possibly related to varying emphases placed on "dangerousness" as a mandatory criterion for involuntary hospitalization. This merits further, cross-national study.