Aneurysm and neurocysticercosis: casual or causal relationship? Case report and review of the literature.

Four cases of suggestive inflammatory aneurysms in patients with neurocysticercosis have been described. We report a case of a 49-year-old woman who presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage from a right middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm and had a casual relationship with neurocysticercosis. At surgery, a viable cysticercus without signs of inflammation or thickened leptomeninges was found in the distal position of the aneurysm. Postoperatively, the patient received albendazole and dextrochlorpheniramine. In the subsequent three years, the patient was asymptomatic and took drugs to prevent convulsion and arterial hypertension. The relationship between NCC and the presence of cerebral aneurysm is discussed.

Neurocysticercosis: the enigmatic disease.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the metacestode larval form of the parasite Taenia sp. Many factors can contribute to the endemic nature of cysticercosis. The inflammatory process that occurs in the tissue surrounding the parasite and/or distal from it can result from several associated mechanisms and may be disproportionate with the number of cysts. This discrepancy may lead to difficulty with the proper diagnosis in people from low endemic regions or regions that lack laboratory resources. In the CNS, the cysticerci have two basic forms, isolated cysts (Cysticercus cellulosae=CC) and racemose cysts (Cysticercus racemosus=CR), and may be meningeal, parenchymal, or ventricular or have a mixed location. The clinical manifestations are based on two fundamental syndromes that may occur in isolation or be associated: epilepsy and intracranial hypertension. They may be asymptomatic, symptomatic or fatal; have an acute, sub-acute or chronic picture; or may be in remission or exacerbated. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be normal, even in patients with viable cysticerci, until the patients begin to exhibit the classical syndrome of NCC in the CSF, or show changes in one or more routine analysed parameters. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have allowed non-invasive diagnoses, but can lead to false negatives. Treatment is a highly controversial issue and is characterised by individualised therapy sessions. Two drugs are commonly used, praziquantel (PZQ) and albendazole (ABZ). The choice of anti-inflammatory drugs includes steroids and dextrochlorpheniramine (DCP). Hydrocephalus is a common secondary effect of NCC. Surgical cases of hydrocephalus must be submitted to ventricle-peritoneal shunt (VPS) immediately before cysticidal treatment, and surgical extirpation of the cyst may lead to an absence of the surrounding inflammatory process. The progression of NCC may be simple or complicated, have remission with or without treatment and may exhibit symptoms that can disappear for long periods of time or persist until death. Unknown, neglected and controversial aspects of NCC, such as the impaired fourth ventricle syndrome, the presence of chronic brain oedema and psychic complaints, in addition to the lack of detectable glucose in the CSF and re-infection are discussed.

Stroke in ancient times: a reinterpretation of Psalms 137:5,6.

Stroke was probably first described in Psalms 136: 5-6 of the Catholic Bible, and Psalms 137:5-6 of the Evangelical Bible. Based on the Portuguese, Spanish, English, German, Dutch, Russian, Greek, and original Hebrew Bible, the significance of this Psalm is the invocation of a punishment, of which the final result would be a stroke of the left middle cerebral artery, causing motor aphasia and right hemiparesis.

Stroke in ancient times: a reinterpretation of Psalms 137:5.6 / Acidente vascular cerebral nos velhos tempos: uma reinterpretação dos Salmos 137 (versículos 5.6)

Stroke was probably first described in Psalms 136: 5-6 of the Catholic Bible, and Psalms 137:5-6 of the Evangelical Bible. Based on the Portuguese, Spanish, English, German, Dutch, Russian, Greek, and original Hebrew Bible, the significance of this Psalm is the invocation of a punishment, of which the final result would be a stroke of the left middle cerebral artery, causing motor aphasia and right hemiparesis.

Acidente vascular cerebral foi descrito pela primeira vez provavelmente na Bíblia, nos Salmos 136, versículos 5 e 6, da bíblia católica, e 137, versículos 5 e 6, da bíblia evangélica. Nas bíblias escritas em português, espanhol, inglês, alemão, holandês, russo, grego e no original hebraico, o significado destes Salmos seria a invocação de um castigo, que poderia corresponder a acidente vascular da artéria cerebral média esquerda, levando a afasia motora com hemiplegia direita.

[Clinical and evolutive aspects of hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis]. / Aspectos clínicos e evolutivos da hidrocefalia na neurocisticercose.

With the purpose to verify clinical aspects of hydrocephalus (HC) in patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC), a retrospective study of 47 patients was performed. The majority of patients (70.2%) were men aging 21-50 years. Intracranial hypertension (ICH) occurred in all patients, headache (HA) in 42 (89.4%), meningoencephalitis (ME) in 38 (80.8%) and psychiatric disorders (PD) in 34 (72.3%). The cerebrospinal fluid syndrome of NCC was detected in 31 patients (65.9%). In addition to HC, computed tomography (CT) scans showed cystic lesions in 28 (59.6%) patients, diffuse brain edema also in 28 (59.6%), and calcifications in 26 (55.3%). Shunts were inserted in 41 (87.2%) patients and 22 (53.7%) of them were submitted to 1-7 surgical revision/patient (mean=3) that were higher (mean=4) in those who died than in survivors (mean=2). Evolution was satisfactory in 24 (51.1%) patients and fatal in 15 (31.9%). It is possible to conclude that, in patients with NCC, HC occurs predominantly in men in productive life with ICH, HA, ME and PD as common manifestations, and the need for shunt revision makes patient's prognosis worse.

Aspectos clínicos e evolutivos da hidrocefalia na neurocisticercose / Clinical and evolutive aspects of hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis

Com o propósito de analisar os aspectos clínicos da hidrocefalia (HDC) na neurocisticercose (NCC), realizou-se o estudo retrospectivo de 47 prontuários de pacientes com HDC e NCC. Verificou-se que 70,2 por cento eram homens, entre 21 e 50 anos. A hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) ocorreu em todos os pacientes, cefaléia (CEF) em 89,4 por cento, meningoencefalite (ME) em 80,8 por cento e distúrbios psíquicos (PSI) em 74,5 por cento. A síndrome liquórica da NCC foi detectada em 65,9 por cento pacientes. Além da HDC, as tomografias computadorizadas de crânio (TC) mostraram lesões císticas e edema cerebral difuso em 59,6 por cento cada, calcificações em 55,3 por cento. Dos 41 pacientes (87,2 por cento) com derivação ventriculoperitoneal (DVP), em 22 (53,7 por cento) deles foram necessárias uma a sete revisões/paciente (média=3). A evolução foi satisfatória em 51,1 por cento e fatal em 31,9 por cento. Conclui-se que a hidrocefalia é mais comum no sexo masculino em idade produtiva, tendo a HIC, CEF, MN e PSI como manifestações freqüentes e que, a necessidade de revisões de DVP, piora o prognóstico.

With the purpose to verify clinical aspects of hydrocephalus (HC) in patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC), a retrospective study of 47 patients was performed. The majority of patients (70.2 percent) were men aging 21-50 years. Intracranial hypertension (ICH) occurred in all patients, headache (HA) in 42 (89.4 percent), meningoencephalitis (ME) in 38 (80.8 percent) and psychiatric disorders (PD) in 34 (72.3 percent). The cerebrospinal fluid syndrome of NCC was detected in 31 patients (65.9 percent). In addition to HC, computed tomography (CT) scans showed cystic lesions in 28 (59.6 percent) patients, diffuse brain edema also in 28 (59.6 percent), and calcifications in 26 (55.3 percent). Shunts were inserted in 41 (87.2 percent) patients and 22 (53.7 percent) of them were submitted to 1-7 surgical revision/patient (mean=3) that were higher (mean=4) in those who died than in survivors (mean=2). Evolution was satisfactory in 24 (51.1 percent) patients and fatal in 15 (31.9 percent). It is possible to conclude that, in patients with NCC, HC occurs predominantly in men in productive life with ICH, HA, ME and PD as common manifestations, and the need for shunt revision makes patient's prognosis worse.

Application of synthetic peptides to the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

We tested the possible diagnostic utility of five Taenia saginata oncosphere-derived synthetic peptides in T. solium neurocysticercosis (NC). The five peptides correspond to protein sequences with high antigenic indexes that were cloned from a T. saginata oncosphere cDNA library. The test samples consisted of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples randomly collected from patients referred from Mexican and Brazilian neurological institutes. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were carried out with the peptides either unconjugated or coupled to carrier proteins, and were compared with results obtained using T. solium cyst fluid as a positive control. For active inflammatory NC, the higher sensibility (93%) and specificity (85%) was obtained with peptides HP6-2 and Ts45W-1, respectively, coupled to ovalbumin, in both Mexican and Brazilian patients. Examining the results of the individual peptide assays in combination, in some instances, improved the sensitivity to 100%.

[Clinical and epidemiological aspects of neurocysticercosis in Brazil: a critical approach]. / Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos da neurocisticercose no Brasil: análise crítica.

With the objective to show the characteristics of neurocysticercosis (NCC) in Brazil, was performed a critical analysis of national literature which showed a frequency of 1.5% in autopsies and 3.0% in clinical studies, corresponding to 0.3% of all admissions in general hospitals. In seroepidemiological studies the positivity of specific reactions was 2.3%. Brazilian patient with NCC presents a general clinical-epidemilogical profile (31-50 years old man, rural origin, complex partial epileptic crisis, increased protein levels or normal CSF, CT showing calcifications, constituting the inactive form of NCC), and a profile of severity (21-40 years old woman, urban origin, vascular headache and intracranial hypertension, typical CSF syndrome of NCC or alteration of two or more CSF parameters, CT showing vesicles and/or calcifications, constituting the active form of NCC). Although two localities from the state of S o Paulo have 72:100000 and 96:100000/habitants as prevalence coefficients, regional and national prevalences are very underestimated. Some aspects related to underestimation of NCC prevalence in Brazil are discussed.

Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos da neurocisticercose no Brasil: análise crítica / Clinical and epidemiological aspects of neurocysticercosis in Brazil: a critical approach

Com o objetivo de mostrar as características da neurocisticercose (NCC) no Brasil, realizou-se análise critica da literatura nacional que mostrou incidência de 1,5 por cento nas necropsias e de 3,0 por cento nos estudos clínicos, correspondendo a 0,3 por cento das admissöes em hospitais gerais. Em estudos soroepidemiológicos, a positividade para cisticercose foi de 2,3 por cento. O paciente brasileiro com NCC pode apresentar um perfil clínico-epidemiológico geral (homem, 31-50 anos, procedência rural, manifestaçöes epilépticas parciais complexas, LCR normal ou hiperproteinorraquia, calcificaçöes ao exame de TC, constituindo a expressäo da forma inativa da NCC) e outro de gravidade (mulher, 21-40 anos, procedência urbana, manifestaçöes de cefaléia vascular e HIC, típica síndrome do LCR ou alteraçäo de dois ou mais parâmetros, vesículas associadas ou näo a calcificaçöes ao exame de TC, constituindo a expressäo da forma ativa da NCC). Os coeficientes de prevalência nacionais säo muito subestimados, embora em duas cidades do interior de Säo Paulo tenham sido verificados os valores de 72:100.000 e 96:100.000/habitantes. Discutem-se aspectos relacionados à subestimaçäo da prevalência desta neuroparasitose no Brasil

Fourth ventricle computed tomography indexes: standardisation and characteristics in neurocysticercosis.

OBJECTIVES: to propose standardisation of fourth ventricle dimensions and to study its characteristics in neurocysticercosis. METHOD: a control group (CG) constituted by 114 individuals with normal CT, and 80 patients with neurocysticercosis composed the group with neurocysticercosis (GN). Measures of the inner cranial diameter (Cr), fronto-polar distance between both lateral ventricles (FP), antero-posterior (AP) and latero-lateral (LL) fourth ventricle width based the standardisation of six indexes. RESULTS: AP/Cr, AP/LL and AP/FP were the more discriminative indexes, presenting in CG the mean values of 0.063, 0.267 and 0.582, respectively. The indexes in GN had values statistically higher than in CG. From GN, 51 patients had increased indexes values above 2 standard deviation of the CG mean. AP/Ll was >/= 1 in 95% of patients with ventricular shunting and in 88% with depression. It also occurred in 73% patients with satisfactory follow-up and in everybody who died. CONCLUSION: AP/Cr, AP/LL and AP/FP may represent fourth ventricle dimensions.

Fourth ventricle computed tomography indexes: standardisation and characteristics in neurocysticercosis

OBJECTIVES: to propose standardisation of fourth ventricle dimensions and to study its characteristics in neurocysticercosis. METHOD: a control group (CG) constituted by 114 individuals with normal CT, and 80 patients with neurocysticercosis composed the group with neurocysticercosis (GN). Measures of the inner cranial diameter (Cr), fronto-polar distance between both lateral ventricles (FP), antero-posterior (AP) and latero-lateral (LL) fourth ventricle width based the standardisation of six indexes. RESULTS: AP/Cr, AP/LL and AP/FP were the more discriminative indexes, presenting in CG the mean values of 0.063, 0.267 and 0.582, respectively. The indexes in GN had values statistically higher than in CG. From GN, 51patients had increased indexes values above 2 standard deviation of the CG mean. AP/Ll was > or = 1 in 95 percent of patients with ventricular shunting and in 88 percent with depression. It also occurred in 73 percent patients with satisfactory follow-up and in everybody who died. CONCLUSION: AP/Cr, AP/LL and AP/FP may represent fourth ventricle dimensions

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in neurocysticercosis

Neurocysticercosis (NC) is a parasitic infectious disease caused by Taenia solium eggs that set in the brain. Its incidence is increasing both in the developing and the developed world, as a result of low economical and hygiene levels and immigration, respectively. Clinical manifestation of disease varies from no symptoms to epilepsy, increased intra-cranial pressure, arachnoiditis and dementia. In order to evaluate function (perfusion) of affected brains, we studied 40 patients (21 females and 19 males, 19-71 yo) by means of SPECT (ECD, ethyl cysteinate dimer, labelled with 99mTc) and with and without contrast CT. SPECT studies were all abnormal. No difference was noted between active and inactive disease. Two SPECT patterns were noted: a) several areas of focally reduced uptake, resulting from coalescent and big lesions and large destruction of brain tissue (small, isolated and symmetric cysts seen in CT were missed by SPECT); b) diffuse atrophy with reduction of the tracer uptake, associated with ventricle dilatation, corresponding to the cases where ventricular NC was important. Interestingly, we noted diffuse hypoperfusion, with the scintigraphic pattern of atrophy in 5 cases of massive parenchymal infection; in such cases, CT signs of atrophy were clearly less prominent. The first scintigraphic aspect can be explained by the destruction of large areas of brain, which produces focal absence of perfusion; generalised vasculitis and the destruction of large portions of brain tissue could explain the difference noted between the SPECT and the CT aspects in the 5 cases of massive parenchimal infection, and this may be interesting for prognosis. Dilatation of ventricles and Sylvian fissures were interestingly prominent in SPECT. SPECT may be of great value to evaluate brain perfusion in NC

Neurocisticercose e síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut: relato de caso / Neurocysticercosis and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: case report

Relata-se o caso de uma menina que, aos 2 anos de idade, apresentou a forma epiléptica, hidrocefálica e encefalítica da neurocisticercose, diagnosticada por exame do líquido cefalorraqueano e tomografia computadorizada de crânio, evolução com crises polimórficas, episódios de descompensação da hipertensão intracraniana por obstrução do sistema de derivação ventriculoperitoneal, retardo no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e cegueira até que, aos 10 anos de idade, foi diagnosticada síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut. Atualmente, a paciente tem 16 anos, apresenta sequelas neurológicas e crises parciais complexas com automatismos, parcialmente controladas com o uso de clobazan e oxcarbazepina. A primeira associação de neurocisticercose e síndrome de Lennox-Gastaut foi descrita em 1973, por Frochtengarten & Scarante, em uma menina com quadro clínico semelhante ao do caso relatado.

Edema cerebral crônico na neurocisticercose / Chronic brain edema in neurocysticercosis

Neste estudo retrospectivo, relatam-se as características clínicas do edema cerebral crônico (ECCr) em 34 pacientes com neurocisticercose (NCC), que apresentavam edema cerebral difuso, à tomografia computadorizada (TC), como característica comum. Todos foram tratados com dextroclorofeniramina e, 32 deles, com albendazol. O ECCr predominou no sexo feminino (73,5 por cento) na faixa etária dos 11 - 40 anos (92,3 por cento). A cefaléia ocorreu em 94,1 por cento dos pacientes, násuseas/vômitos em 47,1 por cento, crises epilépticas em 41,1 por cento e distúrbios psíquicos em 38,2 por cento. A hiperrreflexia ocorreu em 82,3 por cento e o papiledema em 58,8 por cento e o exame neurológico normal em 11,8 por cento. Na TC, o edema esteve associado a calcificaçoes em 61,8 por cento dos casos. As pressoes liquóricas foram mais elevadas (p<0,05) antes do tratamento. Atualmente, estao assintomáticos, ou com melhora clínica 79,4 por cento dos pacientes (57,1 por cento deles sem medicaçao). Discute-se a possibilidade do ECCr, na NCC, ser uma manifestaçao antigênica, sem a presença concomitante de cistos parasitários, e poder representar mais uma condiçao clínica associada à hipertensao intracraniana benigna.

Padronizaçäo de índices tomográficos do IV§ ventrículo e suas características em doentes com neurocisticercose / Standardization of tomographic indexes of the fourth ventricle and its characteristics in patients with neurocysticercosis

A cisticercose do IV§ ventrículo cursa com manifestaçöes de hipertensäo intracraniana (HIC) de fossa posterior, conseqüente à obstruçäo da circulaçäo do líquido cefalorraqueano (LCR) pela gliose, ependimite granular ou à presença de cistos parasitários. Sua dilataçäo isolada constitui uma entidade clínico-patológica denominada IV§ ventrículo isolado, cuja fisiopatogenia permanece controvertida. A terapêutica, clínica ou cirúrgica, apresenta indicaçöes e contra-indicaçöes específicas à gravidade do quadro. O diagnóstico ainda está no campo da subjetividade. Várias modificaçöes do método de Evans, que tentou impor mais objetividade na definiçäo de hidrocefalia, surgiram. Pouco se relata sobre a metodologia para o diagnóstico de dilataçäo isolada do IV§ ventrículo. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram propor um padräo de normalidade de parâmetros representativos das dimensöes do IV§ ventrículo em indivíduos com tomografias computadorizadas em crânio (TC) normais e estudar as características do IV§ ventrículo em doentes com neurocisticercose (NCC). Foram realizadas medidas da distância fronto-polar dos ventrículos laterais (FP) e dos diâmetros craniano interno (Cr), antero-posterior (AP) e latero-lateral (LL) do IV§ ventrículo em 114 indivíduos com TCs normais (grupo CONTROLE, ou GC) e em 80 doentes com o diagnóstico de NCC (grupo com NCC, ou GN) e estabelecidos os índices FP/Cr, AP/Cr, LL/Cr, AP/FP, LL/FP e AP/LL. Após análise estatística, os índices AP/Cr, AP/LL e AP/FP foram considerados os mais representativos das dimensöes do IV§ ventrículo, permitidno selecionar 51 doentes com NCC que apresentavam, pelo menos, um desses índices com valores acima de dois desvios-padräo da média estatística obtida no GC - grupo com comprometimento do IV§ ventrículo (GN-IV§), que foi analisado mais detalhadamente. No GC, os valores obtidos dos índices estudados foram: FP/Cr = 0,244 ñ 0,034; AP/Cr = 0,063 ñ 0,020; LL/Cr = 0,109 ñ 0,026; AP/FP = 0,267 ñ 0,100; LL/FP = 0,458 ñ 0,136 e AP/LL = 0,582 ñ 0,139. No GN, mostraram outros valores: FP/Cr = 0,257 ñ 0,041; AP/Cr = 0,082 ñ 0,037; LL/Cr = 0,102 ñ 0,034; AP/FP = 0,323 ñ 0,143; LL/FP = 0,409 ñ 0,139 e AP/LL = 0,797 ñ 0,213. Com exceçäo de LL/Cr e de LL/FP, essas diferenças entre os dois grupos foram estatisticamente significantes (GN > GC), näo havendo diferença (p > 0,10) no que diz respeito a sexo e faixa etária, em ambos grupos. No GN, os índices encontrados antes do tratamento com albendazol näo diferiram...

Potenciais evocados na neurocisticercose / Evoked potentials in neurocysticercosis

Em 25 pacientes com neurocisticercose, classificados em dois grupos, formas benignas e formas malignas, foram obtidos potenciais evocados multimodais. Os exames foram normais em 9 casos com formas benignas. Dentre 4 pacientes com manifestaçöes malignas, 2 apresentaram anormalidades de todos os potenciais evocados e alteraçöes da onda F, obtida no membro superior. Os autores sugerem que alteraçöes de vários potenciais associadas a alteraçöes da onda F, talvez indiquem mau prognóstico.

Monitorizaçäo da pressäo intracraniana como exame complementar no diagnóstico de morte encefálica: observaçäo preliminar através do registro de dois casos / Intracranial pressure monitoring as a complementary diagnosis of brain death: preliminary observation trhough the report of two cases

Estudou-se retrospectivamente a evoluçäo clínica de dois pacientes, até sua falência cardíaca irreversível (FCI), submetidos à monitorizaçäo contínua da pressao intracraniana (PIC). O estudo detalhado desses traçados mostrou que, nos dois casos a PIC atingiu valores máximos 5 e 12 h antes de ocorrer diminuiçäo na amplitude das ondas, observada 47 a 60 h pré-FCI. Essa diminuiçäo foi progressiva e tornou-se linear cerca de 30 h antes da FCI, em ambos os casos. O diagnóstico clínico de morte encefálica (ME) foi obtido 3 e 28 hs após a linearidade do traçado. Os autores sugerem que o diagnóstico de ME pode ser definido mais precocemente com o uso da monitorizaçäo da PIC desde que o paciente nao esteja sob sedaçäo, e salientam a necessidade de mais observaçöes, em número maior de pacientes.

Severe forms of neurocysticercosis: treatment with albendazole

Study of 22 patients with the severe form of neurocysticercosis treated with albendazole (ABZ) administered in 6 different schedules ranging from 15 to 30 mg/kg/day for 21 to 60 days. Dextrochloropheniramine and ketoprofen were the adjuvant drugs. Multiple symptoms were observed in 90.9 per cent of patients. Intracranial hypertension was manifested in 90.9 per cent. Hydrocephaly occurred in 86.4 per cent. Evolution was satisfactory in 10 patients, 8 died and 4 had sequelae. Tomographic studies showed the appearance of an isolated IVth ventricle in 9 patients, after ventriculoperitoneal shunt, before ABZ treatment in 3 of them, during in 5 and after treatment in one. Median clinical follow-up duration was 10 months for the patients who died and 3-4 years for survivors. In 3 patients there was an increase in cyst size during the administration of the 15 mg/kg/day ABZ dose, which was not observed in any patient when the 30 mg/kg/day dose was used.

Polirradiculoneurite e neurocisticercose: relato de caso / Polyradiculoneuretis and neurocysticercosis: a case report

Relata-se o caso de doente com forma hidrocefálica e meningoencefalítica de neurocisticercose que, na primeira semana de tratamento com albendazol, desenvolveu simultaneamente polirradiculoneurite e síndrome de hipertensao intracraniana. Sao relacionados vários agentes etiológicos encontrados na literatura associados à polirradiculoneurite. Comenta-se sobre a possível fisiopatogenia desta entidade na vigência de cisticercose. Faz-se mençao a outro caso que apresentou polirradiculoneurite, do tipo síndrome de Guillain-Barré, como única manifestaçao de provável cisticercose de sistema nervoso. No caso apresentado, além da própria neurocisticercose, o stress cirúrgico e aquele relativo à gravidade do quadro clínico, um possível efeito colateral do albendazol - ou, até mesmo, uma simples coincidência - podem ser considerados como fatores relacionados à presença de polirradiculoneurite nesse doente.