ABSTRACT
Hypothetical Proteins [HP] are the transcripts predicted to be expressed in an organism, but no evidence of it exists in gene banks. On the other hand, long non-coding RNAs [lncRNAs] are the transcripts that might be present in the 5' UTR or intergenic regions of the genes whose lengths are above 200 bases. With the known unknown [KU] regions in the genomes rapidly existing in gene banks, there is a need to understand the role of open reading frames in the context of annotation. In this commentary, we emphasize that HPs could indeed be the predecessors of lncRNAs.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Breast disorders commonly present as masses, which are mostly benign. However, breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and second leading cause of death among women. The study aimed at analyzing the spectrum of breast diseases especially breast cancers and assess the estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR) and Her2/neu status of breast cancers on immunohistochemistry (IHC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive study of 2 years (Jan 2014 - Dec 2015). All specimens of primary breast diseases received during this period at the Department of Pathology, Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, UP, India, were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 148 breast specimens from 10 males and 133 females, (age range, 15 - 75 years; mean age, 36 years) were selected. Majority of patients presented in 4th (29.7%) and 3rd (27.7%) decades with breast lumps (97.3%), affecting mostly right breast (52%). Benign diseases (60.1%) were the commonest followed by malignant (28.4%) and inflammatory lesions (11.5%). Fibroadenoma (52.6%) and fibrocystic change (21.8%) were the commonest benign diseases and granulomatous mastitis (23.5%), the commonest inflammatory lesion. Malignancy contributed 30.6% of female breast lesions (age range, 25-75 years and mean age, 48.2 years) with 97.6% of cases being infiltrating ductal carcinomas. ER expression was seen in 58%, PR in 54.8% and Her2/neu positivity in 45.2% cases. In males, gynecomastia was the most common breast lesion (90.9%). CONCLUSION: Breast diseases affected mostly young people with fibroadenoma and infiltrating ductal carcinoma being the commonest diseases. Malignant breast diseases affected females only. ER/PR hormone receptor expressions are lower compared to western countries.
Subject(s)
Breast Diseases/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Adult , Aged , Breast Diseases/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Female , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Carcinosarcoma of the gallbladder is an uncommon neoplasm. We herein report the case of a patient with carcinosarcoma of the gallbladder, treated by simple cholecystectomy for a tumor which was confined to the gallbladder.
Subject(s)
Carcinosarcoma/diagnosis , Gallbladder Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinosarcoma/pathology , Carcinosarcoma/surgery , Cholecystectomy , Female , Gallbladder/pathology , Gallbladder Neoplasms/surgery , Humans , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Strongyloides stercoralis, a nematode parasite, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. Infection usually remains asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised hosts hyperinfection and dissemination can occur, which has a high mortality. Early detection of S. stercoralis may alter the fatal course of infection. We present our experience of five patients with S. stercoralis hyperinfection diagnosed by endoscopic duodenal and jejunal biopsy in northern India. A predisposing factor was present in all patients in the form of corticosteroid intake, chronic liver disease and panhypogammaglobulinaemia. Common gastrointestinal symptoms were abdominal pain, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, vomiting and weight loss with evidence of malabsorption. The initial stool examination and peripheral blood eosinophil count were normal in all patients. Strongyloidiasis was not suspected clinically in any patient and the diagnosis was achieved on endoscopic biopsy. Three of the patients with disseminated disease developed fatal Gram-negative systemic infection. This study highlights the importance of considering strongyloidiasis in all patients on immunosuppressive drug therapy who present with gastrointestinal symptoms so that the patient can be appropriately investigated and promptly treated. In endemic regions, patients with systemic Gram-negative bacterial infections without an obvious cause should be tested for strongyloidiasis.
Subject(s)
Strongyloides stercoralis/isolation & purification , Strongyloidiasis/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Animals , Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Diarrhea/parasitology , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , India , Male , Middle Aged , Strongyloidiasis/drug therapy , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
We report a 73-year-old man with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the stomach in whom distal gastrectomy specimen revealed coexisting carcinoid tumor of the duodenum. Postoperatively the patient received six cycles of chemotherapy (CHOP regimen) and was asymptomatic nine months later.
Subject(s)
Carcinoid Tumor/diagnosis , Duodenal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/diagnosis , Stomach Neoplasms/diagnosis , Stomach Ulcer/diagnosis , Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use , Doxorubicin/therapeutic use , Humans , Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy , Male , Prednisone/therapeutic use , Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy , Vincristine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
A rare and unique variant of breast cancer--metaplastic matrix producing carcinoma, is presented. Surgery has been the mainstay of treatment. The role of adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy, as has been used in this patient, has been reviewed.
