ABSTRACT
Tubaani is a local delicacy prepared with Piliostigma thonningii leaves. The leaves may contain trace/heavy metals and important phytonutrients that could impact consumers' health. Concerns over the nutritional and toxicological implications of Piliostigma thonningii leaves are critical. Tubaani food and Piliostigma thonningii leaf samples were investigated using Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and Spectrophotometry technique. The health risk of Tubaani was also assessed by calculating the target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of potentially toxic elements. Fifteen trace elements were detected at non-toxicological concentrations in the samples analyzed. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the samples' mean concentrations. The phenolic content in leaf extracts was higher as compared to the flavonoids. However, the flavonoids in the leaves had an effect on the food samples, unlike the phenols. The THQ and HI of the elements were below 1.0. There is no reason to be concerned about the current dietary intake of the potentially toxic elements in the routine consumption of Tubaani as portrayed in data obtained in this investigation by NAA, THQ, and HI.
ABSTRACT
The growing interest in fast reactors demands further innovative technologies to enhance their safety and reliability. Understanding thermal hydraulic activities required for advanced reactor technology in design and development is key. However, knowledge of Heavy Liquid Metal (HLM) coolants technology is not mature. The liquid metal-cooled facilities are required experimental platforms for studying HLM technology. As such, efficient thermal hydraulic experimental result is important in the accurate validation of numerical results. In this vein, there is a need to closely review existing thermo-hydraulic studies in HLM test facilities and the test sections. This review aims to assess existing Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) research facilities, numerical and validation works and Liquid Metal-cooled Fast Reactor (LMFR) databases around the world in the last two decades. Thus, recent thermal hydraulic research studies on experimental facilities and numerical research that support the design and development of LFRs are discussed. This review paper highlights thermal hydraulic issues and developmental objectives of HLM, briefly describes experimental facilities, experimental campaigns and numerical activities, and identifies research key findings, achievements and future research direction in HLM cooled reactors. This review will enhance knowledge and improve advanced nuclear reactor technology that ensures a sustainable, secure, clean and safe energy future.
