ABSTRACT
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its related immunosuppression are associated with an increased risk of prevalent, incident, and persistent squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) of the cervix. The objective of the study was to describe the prevalence and predictors of high-risk HPV and cervical cancer to support the need for strengthening cervical cancer screening programs for HIV infected women in Kenya. A cross sectional study was conducted in a hospital in Central Kenya, Kiambu district. The study population constituted of HIV positive women attending the ART treatment clinic. A total of 715 HIV positive women initiated on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) were enrolled in this study. About 359 (52.1%) were less than 40 years of age and 644 (90.3%) of the patients were widowed. About 642 (92.6%) of the HIV infected women were in follow-up period of ≥ 1 year. The outcome/prognosis of the patients undergoing ICC was 3 cured, 5 good and 4 poor respectively. In a multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that for a one-unit decrease of CD4, we expect 1.23 log odds of increasing the severity of cervical cancer (B = 1.23, P < 0.0 15), given that all of the other variables in the model are held constant. In conclusion screening of all HIV infected women, who are under HIV care and treatment, enrolling patients on HAART with higher CD4 counts is recommended to see the net effect of HAART response.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Coinfection , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/immunology , Humans , Kenya/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Middle Aged , Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix/pathology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies have identified several programmatic and nonprogrammatic indicators that affect adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Depression has been shown to impact adherence to HAART. This cross-sectional analysis of data collected from Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia, and Tanzania in 2008 examined the relationship between levels of depressive symptoms, clinical progression, and adherence to HAART. METHODS: A multinational, multicenter, observational, retrospective cross-sectional evaluation of a population of focus comprised randomly selected patients on HAART. The dependent variable was adherence to HAART. The primary variable of interest to be assessed was patients' level of depressive symptom score. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the relationship between explanatory variables and adherence to HAART. RESULTS: A total of 2344 patients were recruited for adherence survey. About 70% of the study sample reported having some level of depression. Logistic regression results show that patients who reported, respectively, low, moderate, and high levels of depressive symptoms are 35% (P < .001), 56% (P < .001), and 64% (P < .001) less likely to adhere to HAART than those who reported having no depressive symptoms. At multivariate analysis, adherence to HAART was independently associated with the levels of depressive symptoms, older age, CD4 count >200 cells/mm3, Truvada (tenofovir [TDF]/emtricitabine [FTC])-based regimens, good knowledge about HAART, and longer period on therapy. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that mental health and clinical parameters are significant factors in determining patients' adherence to their HAART, which need to be more aggressively addressed as a critical component of care and treatment support.
Subject(s)
Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , CD4 Lymphocyte Count/statistics & numerical data , Depression , HIV Infections , Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Depression/complications , Depression/epidemiology , Female , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies have identified several programmatic and nonprogrammatic indicators that affect adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Depression has been shown to impact adherence to HAART. This cross-sectional analysis of data collected from Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia, and Tanzania in 2008 examined the relationship between levels of depressive symptoms, clinical progression, and adherence to HAART. METHODS: A multinational, multicenter, observational, retrospective cross-sectional evaluation of a population of focus comprised randomly selected patients on HAART. The dependent variable was adherence to HAART. The primary variable of interest to be assessed was patients' level of depressive symptom score. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the relationship between explanatory variables and adherence to HAART. RESULTS: A total of 2344 patients were recruited for adherence survey. About 70% of the study sample reported having some level of depression. Logistic regression results show that patients who reported, respectively, low, moderate, and high levels of depressive symptoms are 35% (P < .001), 56% (P < .001), and 64% (P < .001) less likely to adhere to HAART than those who reported having no depressive symptoms. At multivariate analysis, adherence to HAART was independently associated with the levels of depressive symptoms, older age, CD4 count >200 cells/mm3, Truvada (tenofovir [TDF]/emtricitabine [FTC])-based regimens, good knowledge about HAART, and longer period on therapy. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that mental health and clinical parameters are significant factors in determining patients' adherence to their HAART, which need to be more aggressively addressed as a critical component of care and treatment support.
Subject(s)
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Depressive Disorder/psychology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/psychology , Medication Adherence/psychology , Adolescent , Africa South of the Sahara , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder/immunology , Depressive Disorder/virology , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
Objective. To assess the prevalence and identified associated risk factors for precancerous cervical cancer lesions among HIV-infected women in resource-limited settings in Kenya. Methods. HIV-infected women attending the ART clinic at the Nazareth Hospital ART clinic between June 2009 and September 2010. Multivariate logistic regression model with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated after controlling for important covariates. Result. A total of 715 women were screened for cervical cancer. The median age of the participants was 40 years (range 18-69 years). The prevalence of precancerous lesions (CINI, CINII, CIN III, ICC) was 191 (26.7%). After controlling for other variables in logistic regression analysis, cervical precancerous lesions were associated with not being on ART therapy; whereby non-ART were 2.21 times more likely to have precancerous lesions than ART patients [(aOR) = 2.21, 95% CI (1.28-3.83)]. Conclusion. The prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions was lower than other similar settings. It is recommended that cancer screening of HIV-infected women should be an established practice. Availability and accessibility of these services can be done through their integration into HIV. Prompt initiation of HAART through an early enrollment into care has an impact on reducing the prevalence and progression of cervical precancerous lesions.
