Male DCIS diagnosed after use of over-the-counter hormonal supplement.

INTRODUCTION: Male breast cancer is a rare disease. Although epidemiologic and genetic factors are associated with male breast cancer, hormonal factors may also play a role. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 39-year-old BRCA negative male patient taking a sexual performance enhancement supplement who presented with worsening asymmetric gynecomastia and unilateral spontaneous bloody nipple discharge and was found to have ductal carcinoma in-situ. DISCUSSION: The altered cellular environment related to the hormone contents of the supplement coincided with the rapid worsening of his gynecomastia and may have played a role in the development of the ductal carcinoma in-situ, or growth of an existing focus. CONCLUSION: The use of hormonal male enhancement supplements can lead to higher levels of androgens in users. It is possible for this altered hormonal environment to cause the growth of tumor or promote the progression of an existing focus.

Prevalence of asthma symptoms among university students 15 to 35 years of age in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma continues to cause increasing morbidity and mortality among young adults in the developing world. There is scarcity of data on the prevalence of asthma among young Nigerian adults. METHODS: We studied the prevalence of asthma among students (15-35 years of age) of the Obafemi Awolowo University using a standardized questionnaire. One thousand self-administered questionnaires were distributed; 903 were retrieved and analyzed (469 males, 434 females). Symptoms indicative of asthma were cough, chest tightness at rest and on exposure to irritants, and the presence of nocturnal symptoms. Students with three or more symptoms or who had a diagnosis of asthma were considered probable asthmatics and those with one or two symptoms as suspected asthmatics. Students in any of these two categories were defined as symptomatic respondents. RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of wheeze, night waking with cough, and chest tightness in the morning was 9.0% (n = 81) 9.4% (n = 85) and 8.0% (n = 72), respectively. One hundred and twenty-seven respondents (14.1%) comprising 49 males (10.4%) and 78 females (17.9%) had probable asthma. The remaining symptomatic respondents consisting of 20 males (4.3%) and 16 females (3.9%) had suspected asthma. Of these, only 32.5% (53/163) had been previously diagnosed and 22.1% were on occasional inhaled bronchodilator treatment. CONCLUSION: These results indicate a relatively high prevalence of asthma among the students. A greater proportion of them had not been diagnosed and were not receiving proper treatment.