[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries for thoracic diseases and trauma].

The experience of videothoracoscopic operations, performed for various diseases of the thoracic organs, was summarized. The reduction of the operation traumaticity, the complications rate, lethality, the patients rehabilitation duration permits to consider videothoracoscopic operations as the method of choice in many thoracic diseases and trauma.

[Application of early videothoracoscopic pulmonary decortication in the treatment of an acute pleural empyema and suppurated clotted hemothorax].

There was presented the experience of performance of videothoracoscopic pulmonary decortications in 22 patients, suffering suppurated clotted hemothorax, and in 188--an acute pleural empyema. In 97.3% patients the cessation of purulent process and pulmonary volume restoration were achieved. Residual cavities with the pulmonary nonairtightness signs were revealed in 3 (1.4%) patients, the empyema recurrence--in 1 (0.5%), suppuration of the wound, made by thoracic port--in 1 (0.5%), all the patients are alive.

[Endoscopic operations on the trachea and bronchi].

The experience of performance of 1425 endoscopic recanalization operations, done in 864 patients for the tumor and cicatricial stenosis of trachea and bronchi, was summarized. The methods were depicted of endoscopic destruction as a definite treatment or as a successful stage of the combined treatment. The possibility there was shown of the lasers and electrocoagulation application for the respiratory ways stenosis recanalization. The passability of respiratory ways restoration was achieved in 85.2% of patients. Lethality after endoscopic operations had constituted 1.6%.

[Methods of videothoracoscopic biopsy of lung].

The biopsy of lung with the purpose of pathological process verification is an obligatory condition in diagnostics of disseminated diseases of lungs. The methods of videothoracoscopic operations and video-assisted biopsy of lung at 37 patients are described, their advantages and deficiencies. The duration of pain syndrome, cosmetic effect depending on the method of operative intervention and using of domestic or foreign sewing together vehicles were considered. Morphological verification is got in all patients. All patients alive.

[Endoscopic recanalization of the respiratory ways as the stage of radical surgical treatment of tracheal and bronchial stenosis of tumoral origin].

The experience of the laser and electrocoagulational recanalization conduction of the respiratory ways stenosis portions in 118 patients with respiratory organs tumors was summarized. There was established the probability of the recanalization application for tumoral and cicatricial tracheobronchial stenosis. The advantages of various bronchoplastic operations application after performance of endoscopic recanalization of tracheobronchial tree were noted. After performance of endoscopic recanalization of respiratory ways all the patients are alive.

[Surgical treatment of spontaneous and traumatic pneumothorax]. / Khirurgicheskoe lechenie spontannogo i travmaticheskogo pnevmotoraksa.

The ten-year experience of the regional hospital thoracic department in treatment of 723 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax and 678 injured persons, suffering complicated thoracic trauma, was summarizd. The tactic and methods of treatment of such patients, using modern technologies and endoscopic operations, was depicted. Comparative analysis of the different methods efficacy, their results, advantages and faults estimation were conducted. Recommendations for application of every method of treatment in various clinical situations were adduced.

[Endoscopic surgery of trachea and bronchi]. / Endoskopicheskaia khirurgiia trakhei i bronkhov.

More than twenty-year experience of performance of endoscopic laser operation (ELO) on trachea and bronchi in patients with malignant and benign tumors was summarized. Cancer of trachea and bronchi of I-II stages was noted in 3, of III stage--in 384, of IV stage--in 205 patients, adenoma of bronchus--in 13. Technical possibilities of Nd-YAG laser were demonstrated. The immediate and follow-up results of operative intervention, subsequent possibilities of combined treatment of patients using, after ELO conduction, the extended intervention in combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

[Synchronous two-team surgeries of cancer and cicatricial stenosis of the esophagus]. / Odnomomentnoe vypolnenie dvumia brigadami operatsii po povodu raka i rubtsovogo stenoza pishchevoda.

The experience of two-brigade operations concerning a cancer of the esophagus and its cicatrical strictures in 47 patients is reduced. The method of operations performation and their advantage above one-brigade interventions is circumscribed. The complications, and also their matching with standard procedures of operative measures are reduced. The prospects for the development of two-brigade operations are construed.

[Surgical laser application in thoracic surgery. Potential and critical evaluation]. / Primenenie khirurgicheskikh lazerov v grudnoi khirurgii. Vozmozhnosti i kritichekaia otsenka.

A 25-year experience of pulmonary and pleural surgery in 348 patients, reconstructive esophageal operations in 74 patients, bronchoscopic interventions using different laser techniques--in 925 patients, and thoracoscopic operations of traumatic and spontaneous pneumothorax--in 150 patients has been summarized. The methods of laser pulmonary resection, processing of bronchial stump, fibrous capsule, pleurodesis, stitching of esophagogastric, esophagointestinal and interintestinal anastomoses and of bronchoscopic photo destruction of tracheal and bronchial tumors have been described. Haemostatic, bactericidal and ablastic properties of laser have been described. Lasers were used in miniinvasive thoracic surgery for thoracoscopic and videothoracoscopic interventions.

[Experience of surgical treatment of the thymic gland tumors]. / Opyt khirurgicheskogo lecheniia opukholei vilochkovoi zhelezy.

The forty-years experience of treatment of 125 patients with thymic gland tumors was summarized, in 113 of them thymoma was revealed. In the disease of I-II stages the five-year survival index had constituted 75.6%, and in III-IV stages the method of choice is combined treatment, after which the five-years survival index does not exceed 31.2%. It is necessary to perform additional studying of factors, influencing the result of treatment of the thymic gland tumor.

[The use of a portable CO2 laser in thoracic surgery]. / Primenenie portativnogo CO2-lazera v grudnoi khirurgii.

The results of the thoracic operations conduction using a portable CO2 laser LST-20/01 in 93 patients were analyzed. The advantages and shortages of the laser technique are noted.

[Endoscopic laser operations on the trachea and bronchi]. / Endoskopicheskie laernye operatsii na trakhee i bronkhakh.

The result of 596 laser endoscopic operations in 368 patients with tracheobronchial tumor was analyzed. In 175 (47.5%) patients the complete recanalization of stenosis was noted, in 119 (32.4%)--partial and in 74 (20.1%)--treatment was uneffective. In 9 (3.4%) patients the complications occurred.

[Possibility of the current segregation analysis to discriminate between monogenic and multifactorial types of inheritance of traits. The effect of the structure of family data on model robustness and power of the analysis]. / Issledovanie vozmozhnosti sovremennogo segregatsionnogo analiza razgranichivat' monogennyi i mul'tifaktorial'nyi tipy nasledovaniia priznakov. Vliianie struktury semeinykh dannykh na ustoichivost' modelei i moshchnost' analiza.

The influence of sampling designs for robustness of the autosomal major locus model and the multifactorial model as well as possibility of segregation analysis to discriminate these models was studied. Nuclear families and 3-generation pedigrees were considered. It was found that robustness of models increased, when the size of sibships in nuclear families grows and when configuration of pedigrees is complicated. The resolution power of the analysis is always increased with size elevation of sibships, the highest effect of the analysis being observed for sibships of the size 3 or 4. Consideration of new generations is only advisable, if attracting sibs of these generations, the resolution power being increased, provided that the parameters of models are of high value.

[The possibility of modern segregation analysis to discriminate monogenic and multifactorial types of the inheritance of traits. The reliability of models and the power of the analysis]. / Issledovanie vozmozhnosti sovremennogo segregatsionnogo analiza razgranichivat' monogennyi i mul'tifaktorial'nyi tipy nasledovaniia priznakov. Ustoichivost' modelei i moshchnost' analiza.

Using computer simulation of family data sets within segregation analysis limits the comparative research of the autosomal major locus model (MLM) and the multifactorial model (MFM) which described the basic types of inheritance of the alternative traits (affected--nonaffected) has been conducted. Robustness of models (statistical aspect) and the power of the analysis (its possibility to discriminate MLM and MFM) are tested. It is shown that permissible level of relative errors for estimated population's frequency is increased, when the values of parameters of models are increased (with decrease of sporadic cases' portion). The power of the analysis is the greatest in the field of greatest robustness of models: the higher the parameters of models, the portion of sporadic cases being low, the stronger the power of the analysis. MFM satisfactorily describes family distribution given by additive MLM. On the contrary, if the MLM corresponds to the multifactorial traits, this model is additive. It is shown that the possibility of the analysis to reject alternative model is decreased when determination of model grows down.

[Multivariate approach to calculating the recurrence risk in families with multifactorial diseases]. / Mnogomernyi podkhod k vychisleniiu povtornogo riska v sem'iakh pri mul'tifaktorial'nykh zabolevaniiakh.

To resolve one of the main theoretical problems of genetic counselling, namely, calculation of the recurrence risk for common diseases, a multivariate approach is suggested, based on the multifactorial model. The model suggests partially different liability for several diseases or various forms of a disease. The specified recurrence risk for each family can be calculated with the account of different morbidity rates for different sexes and the degree of kinship to proband. The input data for computer calculations are: population incidence of diseases, their heritabilities as well as genetical and environmental correlations between the diseases. Our method is illustrated by calculation of the recurrence risk for diabetes mellitus (DM) and bronchial asthma (BA), each of which may be subdivided into several forms. It is proposed that the nature of genetic correlations is different for two diseases. The phenotypic forms of DM are genetically independent, whereas the forms of BA have a common genetic basis.