ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Microalbuminuria is a reliable marker of diabetic nephropathy. Establishment of peripheral vascular complications leads to early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of renal and cardiovascular complications. This study investigated the value of ankle-brachial index (ABI) for prediction of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurement of ABI with color Doppler ultrasonography was carried out for 206 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An ABI Index less than 0.9 was defined as a predictive marker for atherosclerosis. Microalbuminuria and risk factors of atherosclerosis were compared between the patients categorized based on the ABI values. RESULTS: The mean ABI was 1.1 ± 0.2 (range, 0.052 to 1.6), and 41 (20%) had an abnormal ABI (< 0.9). The correlations were significant between abnormal ABI and duration of disease (P = .04), cardiovascular event and cardiac care unit admission (P = .001), hypertension (P = .01), and dyslipidemia (P = .01). There was a significant correlation between ABI and microalbuminuria (odds ratio, 0.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.038 to 0.630; P < .001). A cutoff point of an ABI less than or equal to 1.04 had a sensitivity of 71.6% and a specificity of 64.2% for prediction of microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS: The ABI is a noninvasive and reliable assay for detection of peripheral and cardiovascular complications, and also early stage of nephropathy in diabetic patients. In patients with an abnormal ABI, long-term follow-up for earlier detection and prevention of complications is helpful.
Subject(s)
Albuminuria/etiology , Ankle Brachial Index , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology , Diabetic Nephropathies/etiology , Albuminuria/diagnosis , Albuminuria/diagnostic imaging , Albuminuria/physiopathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnostic imaging , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diabetic Angiopathies/diagnostic imaging , Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology , Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis , Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnostic imaging , Diabetic Nephropathies/physiopathology , Early Diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Predictive Value of Tests , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Ultrasonography, Doppler, ColorABSTRACT
Non-recurrent laryngeal nerve (NRLN) is a rare anomaly which is reported in 0.3%-0.8% of people on the right side and in 0.004% (extremely rare) on the left side. Damage to this nerve during the surgical procedure may lead to severe iatrogenic morbidity and should therefore be prevented from being damaged. The best way to avoid this damage to the nerve is to identify the nerve with a systematic diligent dissection based on usual anatomical landmarks and awareness about the possibility of their existence. Hereby, we are going to present a 26-year-old woman, a case of NRLN on the right side which was identified during thyroidectomy. The nervous anomaly was accompanied with vascular abnormality which was confirmed by computerized tomography (CT) angiography, post-operatively.
ABSTRACT
The skin metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a rare condition and the lesions should be differentiated from primary skin tumors. The scalp is the most frequent site which is involved in skin metastasis of PTC. It shows the poor outcome and aggressive nature of disease. In this report, we aim to present a case report of a 64 year-old female with scalp metastasis of PTC in the context of disseminated pulmonary and liver metastasis.
