Pink and Orange Tattoo Pigments: Two Occurrences of Squamous Cell Neoplasms.

This case report covers the case of a 56-year-old woman with two separate occurrences of squamous cell neoplasms, one arising in pink tattoo pigment and another arising in orange tattoo pigment. A review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of malignancy occurring in tattoos. This is rare and there are a limited number of case reports and no large studies done on this condition. Most malignancies in tattoos occur in red, black, or blue tattoo inks and no cases have been reported thus far of malignancy in pink or orange tattoo pigments. Due to the limited number of cases, more case studies are needed to determine the prevalence, risk, and epidemiology of malignancy arising within tattoos.

The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a multifactorial disease involving the skin and subcutaneous tissues characterized by deep-seated, painful nodules and abscesses with draining sinus tracts. It affects mostly younger individuals between the ages of 18 and 34. The discomfort and embarrassment that patients affected by HS experience negatively impact their daily lives. It is associated with decreased quality of life and high rates of comorbid depression and anxiety. The rate of depression in HS was reported to be as high as 26%. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and as such requires a multimodal approach to treatment, which subsequently is reviewed here. Moreover, the pathogenesis of HS is complex and only partially understood. Autoinflammation is the key driver of disease development and is linked with dysregulated inflammasome activation with the subsequent production of inflammatory cytokines. Genetics and cutaneous microbiome play a role in the development of chronic inflammation and lesion formation. Risk factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and smoking also add to the systemic inflammation. Targeting these risk factors is a key aspect of the treatment of HS. Lifestyle modifications are used in conjunction with pharmacotherapy and procedures to effectively manage the disease.