ABSTRACT
A simple protocol for the synthesis of N-perfluoroacylated and N-acylated glycals of neuraminic acid, with a secondary cyclic amine (morpholine or piperidine) at the 4α position, has been set-up, starting from peracetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester that undergoes, sequentially to its direct N-transacylation followed by a C-4 amination, a ß-elimination, and a selective hydrolysis of the ester functions, without affecting the sensitive perfluorinated amide.
Subject(s)
Amines/chemistry , Carbohydrates/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Ether/chemistry , Fluorine Compounds/chemical synthesis , Neuraminic Acids/chemistry , Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Acylation , Carbohydrates/pharmacology , Cyclization , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Fluorine Compounds/pharmacology , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity Relationship , Vibrio cholerae/drug effects , Vibrio cholerae/enzymologyABSTRACT
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are obtained from adult cells through overexpression of pluripotency factors. iPSCs share many features with embryonic stem cells (ESCs), circumventing ethical issues, and, noteworthy, match donor's genotype. iPSCs represent therefore a valuable tool for regenerative medicine. Cardiac differentiation of ESCs can be enhanced via microRNAs (miRNAs) and small chemical compounds, which probably act as chromatin remodelers. Cardiomyogenic potential of iPSCs is currently intensely investigated for cell therapy or in vitro drug screening and disease modeling. However, influences of small compounds on iPSC-related cardiomyogenesis have not yet been investigated in details. Here, we compared the effects of two small molecules, bis-peroxo-vanadium (bpV) and sulfonyl-hydrazone-1 (SHZ) at varying concentrations, during cardiac differentiation of murine iPSCs. SHZ (5 µM) enhanced specific marker expression and cardiomyocyte yield, without loss of cell viability. In contrast, bpV showed negligible effects on cardiac differentiation rate and appeared to induce Casp3-dependent apoptosis in differentiating iPSCs. Furthermore, SHZ-treated iPSCs were able to increase beating foci rate and upregulate early and late cardiomyogenic miRNA expression (miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-208a). Thus, our results demonstrate that small chemical compounds, such as SHZ, can constitute a novel and clinically feasible strategy to improve iPSC-derived cardiac differentiation.
