[The concept and practical management of frailty in neurology]. / Concepto y manejo práctico de la fragilidad en neurología.

Frailty is a clinical situation of decreased homeostatic reserve that, after a minor trigger (acute illness, fall, taking a drug...) increases the risk of an adverse event such as hospital admission, institutionalization, functional and/or cognitive decline, death, etc. Frailty can be understood as physical frailty, Fried's phenotype, a true geriatric syndrome that can be reversible by avoiding its progression to more advanced stages of irreversibility and dependence, and Rockwood's frailty due to accumulation of deficits, as a continuum of health or classification typology of the elderly along the frailty spectrum (healthy, robust, vulnerable, mild-moderate-severe and extreme frailty or end of life). The diagnosis of physical frailty is part of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, recommending the use of a performance test such as gait speed (<0,8m/s), Timed Up and Go (>12 s) or Short Physical Performance Battery (<10). Physical frailty is reversible by a multidisciplinary management based on three fundamental pillars: multicomponent physical exercise and resistance training, adequate protein and micronutrient intake (leucine, vitamin D, etc.) and appropriate pharmacological prescription, management of comorbidity and geriatric syndromes. Frailty is a risk factor for neurological disease progression and increased risk of adverse events in neurodegenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Parkinson's disease and cerebrovascular disease. Frailty based on the Clinical Frailty Scale or VIG-Frail shows patient typologies in relation to a greater or lesser state of fragility, being a basic prognostic tool of great utility in making diagnostic and therapeutic management decisions. It opens up a new opportunity for improvement in the management of neurological disease in the diagnosis and treatment of frailty.

TITLE: Concepto y manejo práctico de la fragilidad en neurología.La fragilidad se entiende como un situación clínica de disminución de la reserva homeostática que, ante un desencadenante (enfermedad aguda, caída, toma de un fármaco...), aumenta el riesgo de un evento adverso, como ingreso hospitalario, en residencia, deterioro funcional y/o cognitivo, muerte, etc. La fragilidad puede entenderse como fragilidad física, fenotipo de Fried, verdadero síndrome geriátrico, que puede ser reversible evitando su progresión a estadios más avanzados de irreversibilidad y de dependencia, y fragilidad por acúmulo de déficits de Rockwood, como continuum de salud o tipología de clasificación del anciano a lo largo del espectro de la fragilidad (sano, robusto, vulnerable, fragilidad leve-moderada-grave y extrema o final de vida). El diagnóstico de fragilidad física forma parte de la valoración geriátrica integral y se recomienda para su diagnóstico utilizar un test de ejecución, como velocidad de la marcha (menor de 0,8 m/s), Timed Up and Go (>12 segundos) o Short Physical Performance Battery (menor de 10). La fragilidad física es reversible basándose en un tratamiento multidisciplinar sobre tres pilares fundamentales: ejercicio físico multicompetente y contra resistencia, aporte adecuado de proteínas y micronutrientes (leucina, vitamina D, etc.), y adecuada prescripción farmacológica, de tratamiento de comorbilidad y de síndromes geriátricos. La fragilidad es un factor de riesgo de progresión de la enfermedad neurológica y de mayor riesgo de evento adverso tanto en enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como el deterioro cognitivo leve, la demencia o la enfermedad de Parkinson, como en la enfermedad cerebrovascular. La fragilidad a través de la Clinical Frailty Scale o el VIG-Frail muestra tipologías de pacientes en relación con un mayor o menor estado de fragilidad, y es una herramienta básica pronóstica de gran utilidad en la toma de decisiones de manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico. Se abre una nueva oportunidad de mejora en el manejo de la enfermedad neurológica ante el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la fragilidad.

Concepto y manejo práctico de la fragilidad en neurología / The concept and practical management of frailty in neurology

La fragilidad se entiende como un situación clínica de disminución de la reserva homeostática que, ante un desencadenante (enfermedad aguda, caída, toma de un fármaco...), aumenta el riesgo de un evento adverso, como ingreso hospitalario, en residencia, deterioro funcional y/o cognitivo, muerte, etc. La fragilidad puede entenderse como fragilidad física, fenotipo de Fried, verdadero síndrome geriátrico, que puede ser reversible evitando su progresión a estadios más avanzados de irreversibilidad y de dependencia, y fragilidad por acúmulo de déficits de Rockwood, como continuum de salud o tipología de clasificación del anciano a lo largo del espectro de la fragilidad (sano, robusto, vulnerable, fragilidad leve-moderada-grave y extrema o final de vida). El diagnóstico de fragilidad física forma parte de la valoración geriátrica integral y se recomienda para su diagnóstico utilizar un test de ejecución, como velocidad de la marcha (<0,8 m/s), Timed Up and Go (>12 segundos) o Short Physical Performance Battery (<10). La fragilidad física es reversible basándose en un tratamiento multidisciplinar sobre tres pilares fundamentales: ejercicio físico multicompetente y contra resistencia, aporte adecuado de proteínas y micronutrientes (leucina, vitamina D, etc.), y adecuada prescripción farmacológica, de tratamiento de comorbilidad y de síndromes geriátricos. La fragilidad es un factor de riesgo de progresión de la enfermedad neurológica y de mayor riesgo de evento adverso tanto en enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como el deterioro cognitivo leve, la demencia o la enfermedad de Parkinson, como en la enfermedad cerebrovascular. La fragilidad a través de la Clinical Frailty Scale o el VIG-Frail muestra tipologías de pacientes en relación con un mayor o menor estado de fragilidad, y es una herramienta básica pronóstica de gran utilidad en la toma de decisiones de manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico. Se abre una nueva oportunidad de mejora en el manejo de la enfermedad...(AU)

Frailty is a clinical situation of decreased homeostatic reserve that, after a minor trigger (acute illness, fall, taking a drug...) increases the risk of an adverse event such as hospital admission, institutionalization, functional and/or cognitive decline, death, etc. Frailty can be understood as physical frailty, Fried’s phenotype, a true geriatric syndrome that can be reversible by avoiding its progression to more advanced stages of irreversibility and dependence, and Rockwood’s frailty due to accumulation of deficits, as a continuum of health or classification typology of the elderly along the frailty spectrum (healthy, robust, vulnerable, mild-moderate-severe and extreme frailty or end of life). The diagnosis of physical frailty is part of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, recommending the use of a performance test such as gait speed (<0,8m/s), Timed Up and Go (>12 s) or Short Physical Performance Battery (<10). Physical frailty is reversible by a multidisciplinary management based on three fundamental pillars: multicomponent physical exercise and resistance training, adequate protein and micronutrient intake (leucine, vitamin D, etc.) and appropriate pharmacological prescription, management of comorbidity and geriatric syndromes. Frailty is a risk factor for neurological disease progression and increased risk of adverse events in neurodegenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment, dementia, Parkinson’s disease and cerebrovascular disease. Frailty based on the Clinical Frailty Scale or VIG-Frail shows patient typologies in relation to a greater or lesser state of fragility, being a basic prognostic tool of great utility in making diagnostic and therapeutic management decisions. It opens up a new opportunity for improvement in the management of neurological disease in the diagnosis and treatment of frailty.(AU)

[Prognostic factors of functional recovery in very elderly stroke patients. A one-year follow-up study]. / Factores pronósticos de recuperación funcional en pacientes muy ancianos con ictus. Estudio de seguimiento al año.

INTRODUCTION: Although an advanced age is a factor associated to a poorer functional prognosis following a stroke, the capacity for recovery can be determined by other intercurrent clinical, functional and mental factors. AIM: To evaluate the factors that determine the functional prognosis on discharge of very elderly patients who were admitted to hospital for their functional recovery after suffering a stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal observational study of 168 patients over 65 years of age, who were hospitalised consecutively over a 15-month period. On admission, data concerning a number of clinical, neurological, functional and mental variables were collected. On being discharged from hospital their functional situation (Barthel index) and institutionalisation were evaluated. RESULTS: The 48 patients aged 85 and above presented a lower degree of overall and relative functional recovery on discharge from hospital. Nevertheless, 52% had gained more than 20 points on the Barthel index on being discharged with respect to their score when they were admitted; on discharge 44% had recovered over 50% of the functional loss they had suffered following the stroke. On including the other basal variables in a logistic regression analysis, a very advanced age was associated in an independent manner to a greater risk of being institutionalised, but not to a poorer functional prognosis at discharge. Severe functional impairment on admission and post-stroke depression were the factors that were independently associated to moderate-severe disability on admission; in addition, the more severe the neurological consequences were, the lower the level of functional recovery was. CONCLUSIONS: The capacity for functional recovery in very elderly stroke patients is mainly determined by the degree of functional and neurological repercussion. The functional prognosis should be individualised according to these factors, regardless of the age.

Factores pronósticos de recuperación funcional en pacientes muy ancianos con ictus. Estudio de seguimiento al año / Prognostic factors of functional recovery in very elderly stroke patients. A one-year follow-up study

Introducción. Aunque la edad avanzada es un factor asociado a un peor pronóstico funcional tras un ictus, la capacidad de recuperación puede venir determinada por otros factores clínicos, funcionales y mentales intercurrentes. Objetivo. Evaluar los factores que determinan el pronóstico funcional al alta de pacientes muy ancianos ingresados para recuperación funcional tras sufrir un ictus. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio longitudinal de observación de 168 pacientes mayores de 65 años, ingresados consecutivamente durante un período de 15 meses. A su ingreso se recogieron variables clínicas, neurológicas, funcionales y mentales. Al alta se evaluó la situación funcional (índice de Barthel) y la institucionalización. Resultados. Los 48 pacientes de 85 y más años presentaban una menor recuperación funcional global y relativa al alta; pese a ello, el 52% ganaban más de 20 puntos en el índice de Barthel al alta con relación al del ingreso y un 44% recuperaban al alta más del 50% de la pérdida funcional sufrida tras el ictus. Al incluir el resto de variables basales en un análisis de regresión logística, la edad muy avanzada se asociaba de forma independiente a mayor riesgo de institucionalización, pero no a peor pronóstico funcional al alta. El deterioro funcional grave al ingreso y la depresión postictus eran los factores independientemente asociados a la discapacidad moderada-grave al alta y la mayor gravedad neurológica se relacionaba con una menor recuperación funcional y mayor tasa de institucionalización. Conclusiones. La capacidad de recuperación funcional en pacientes con ictus muy ancianos viene determinada principalmente por el grado de repercusión funcional y neurológica. Es necesario individualizar el pronóstico funcional por estos factores, independientemente de la edad

Introduction. Although an advanced age is a factor associated to a poorer functional prognosis following a stroke, the capacity for recovery can be determined by other intercurrent clinical, functional and mental factors. Aim. To evaluate the factors that determine the functional prognosis on discharge of very elderly patients who were admitted to hospital for their functional recovery after suffering a stroke. Patients and methods. We conducted a longitudinal observational study of 168 patients over 65 years of age, who were hospitalised consecutively over a 15-month period. On admission, data concerning a number of clinical, neurological, functional and mental variables were collected. On being discharged from hospital their functional situation (Barthel index) and institutionalisation were evaluated. Results. The 48 patients aged 85 and above presented a lower degree of overall and relative functional recovery on discharge from hospital. Nevertheless, 52% had gained more than 20 points on the Barthel index on being discharged with respect to their score when they were admitted; on discharge 44% had recovered over 50% of the functional loss they had suffered following the stroke. On including the other basal variables in a logistic regression analysis, a very advanced age was associated in an independent manner to a greater risk of being institutionalised, but not to a poorer functional prognosis at discharge. Severe functional impairment on admission and post-stroke depression were the factors that were independently associated to moderate-severe disability on admission; in addition, the more severe the neurological consequences were, the lower the level of functional recovery was. Conclusions. The capacity for functional recovery in very elderly stroke patients is mainly determined by the degree of functional and neurological repercussion. The functional prognosis should be individualised according to these factors, regardless of the age