ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Constitutive activation of the Erk pathway can lead to oncogenic transformation. However, the Erk pathway is not activated in human basal cell carcinomas (BCCs); although in animal models, this seems to be important. OBJECTIVE: To help understand the role of Erk activity in BCC formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors assayed the specific levels of phosphorylated Erk by immunohistochemistry in BCCs and normal skin biopsies. They have also analyzed Erk activation by immunoblot in fibroblasts isolated from BCC. RESULTS: By immunohistochemical analysis, the authors have observed that 10 of BCCs (56%) did not show phosphor-Erk staining in tumor masses and 7 (40%) showed a gradient staining exhibiting phospho-Erk only in the epidermal side of tumor masses. Remarkably, 15 BCC samples (83%) showed phospho-Erk accumulation in stroma. Six of the 9 independent cultures of dermal fibroblasts isolated from BCC maintained Erk activation "in vitro." CONCLUSION: The authors propose that there is a specific cell-type regulation of Erk activity in BCC, and this feature may be relevant during BCC formation. Stroma region from BCCs showed Erk activation and reduced proliferation. Conversely, Erk activation is barely detectable in proliferative BCCs.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Basal Cell/enzymology , Fibroblasts/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism , Skin Neoplasms/enzymology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Ki-67 Antigen/analysis , Male , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/analysis , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/analysis , Phosphorylation , Skin/enzymology , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
The function of Cyclin D1 (CycD1) has been widely studied in the cell nucleus as a regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk4/6 involved in the control of proliferation and development in mammals. CycD1 has been also localized in the cytoplasm, where its function nevertheless is poorly characterized. In this work we have observed that in normal skin as well as in primary cultures of human keratinocytes, cytoplasmic localization of CycD1 correlated with the degree of differentiation of the keratinocyte. In these conditions, CycD1 co-localized in cytoplasmic foci with exocyst components (Sec6) and regulators (RalA), and with ß1 integrin, suggesting a role for CycD1 in the regulation of keratinocyte adhesion during differentiation. Consistent with this hypothesis, CycD1 overexpression increased ß1 integrin recycling and drastically reduced the ability of keratinocytes to adhere to the extracellular matrix. We propose that localization of CycD1 in the cytoplasm during skin differentiation could be related to the changes in detachment ability of keratinocytes committed to differentiation.
