ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To our knowledge, there are very few studies evaluating if the levels of folate modify the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and higher (CIN2+ and CIN3+) associated with the levels of HPV genome methylation, two cofactors related to single carbon metabolism and independently associated with cervical cancer in previous studies. We conducted a case-control study nested in a three-arm randomized clinical pragmatic trial (ASCUS-COL trial) to evaluate the risk of CIN3+ associated with methylation levels according to serum folate concentrations. METHODS: Cases (n = 155) were women with histologically confirmed CIN2+ (113 CIN2, 38 CIN3, and 4 SCC) and controls were age and follow-up time at diagnosis-matched women with histologically confirmed ≤ CIN1 (n = 155), selected from the 1122 hrHPV + women of this trial. The concentrations of serum folate were determined by the radioimmunoassay SimulTRAC-SNB-VitaminB12/Folate-RIAKit and the methylation levels by the S5 classifier. Stepwise logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between folate or methylation levels and CIN2+ or CIN3+. The joint effect of folate levels and methylation on the risk of CIN3+ was estimated using combinations of categorical stratifications. RESULTS: Folate levels were significantly lower in women with CIN3+ than in other diagnostic groups (p = 0.019). The risk of CIN3+ was eight times higher (OR 8.9, 95% CI 3.4-24.9) in women with folate deficiency and high methylation levels than in women with normal folate and high methylation levels (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.4-4.6). CONCLUSION: High methylation and deficient folate independently increased the risk of CIN3+ while deficient folate combined with high methylation was associated with a substantially elevated risk of CIN3+.
Subject(s)
Atypical Squamous Cells of the Cervix , Folic Acid Deficiency , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia , Female , Humans , Male , DNA Methylation , Case-Control Studies , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/genetics , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/pathology , Folic Acid Deficiency/genetics , Folic AcidABSTRACT
Biomarkers to identify women at risk of cervical cancer among those with high-risk HPV infection (hrHPV+) are needed. Deregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) contributes to hrHPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis. We aimed at identifying miRNAs with the capacity to distinguish high (CIN2+) and low (≤ CIN1) grade cervical lesions. We sequenced miRNA libraries from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues from women with CIN2+ (n = 10) and age-matched women with ≤ CIN1 (n = 10), randomly and retrospectively selected from a trial that followed women for 24 months after a hrHPV+ test at the screening visit. Five miRNAs differentially expressed were validated by RT-qPCR in an independent set of FFPE tissues with a reviewed diagnosis of CIN2+ (n = 105) and ≤ CIN1 (n = 105). The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was conducted to identify mRNAs inversely correlated with the top 25 differentially expressed miRNAs. Inverse correlations with 401 unique mRNA targets were identified for fourteen of the top 25 differentially expressed miRNAs. Eleven of these miRNAs targeted 26 proteins of pathways deregulated by HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins and two of them, miR-143-5p and miR-29a-3p, predicted CIN2+ and CIN3+ in the independent validation by RT-qPCR of FFPE tissues from hrHPV-positive women.
Subject(s)
MicroRNAs , Papillomavirus Infections , Precancerous Conditions , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Humans , Female , MicroRNAs/genetics , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Human Papillomavirus Viruses , Retrospective Studies , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Precancerous Conditions/diagnosis , Precancerous Conditions/genetics , Biomarkers , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/genetics , Papillomaviridae/genetics , Papillomaviridae/metabolismABSTRACT
In the context of opportunistic cervical cancer screening settings of low-and-middle-income countries, little is known about the benefits of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing on high-grade cervical abnormality detection among women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) cytology in routine clinical practice. We compared the effectiveness of immediate colposcopy (IC), conventional cytology at 6 and 12 months (colposcopy if ≥ASC-US) (RC), and hrHPV testing (colposcopy if hrHPV-positive) (HPV) to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe diagnoses (CIN2+) among women aged 20-69 years with ASC-US in routine care. Participants (n=2,661) were evenly randomized into three arms (n=882 IC, n=890 RC, n=889 HPV) to receive services by routine healthcare providers and invited to an exit visit 24 months after recruitment. Histopathology was blindly reviewed by a quality-control external panel (QC). The primary endpoint was the first QC-diagnosed CIN2+ or CIN3+ detected during three periods: enrolment (≤6 months for IC and HPV, ≤12 months for RC), follow-up (between enrolment and exit visit), and exit visit. The trial is completed. Colposcopy was done on 88%, 42%, and 52% of participants in IC, RC, and HPV. Overall, 212 CIN2+ and 52 CIN3+ cases were diagnosed. No differences were observed for CIN2+ detection (p=0.821). However, compared to IC, only HPV significantly reduced CIN3+ cases that providers were unable to detect during the 2-year routine follow-up (relative proportion 0.35, 95% CI 0.09-0.87). In this context, hrHPV testing was the most effective and efficient management strategy for women with ASC-US cytology.
