Reduced Susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium Strains to Oregano Essential Oil and Enrofloxacin: An In Vitro Assay.

Several European animal nutrition companies have incorporated essential oils (EOs) into animal feed as a result of the prohibition of antibiotics to promote animal growth. Previous studies of EOs have highlighted the absence of bacterial resistance for these substances, although most of the published works focus on studying their tolerance to subinhibitory doses. For this study, oregano essential oil (OEO) was chosen for its proven inhibitory and bactericidal activity. This study is an in vitro assay of the possible induction of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains with reduced susceptibility to OEO by mutation, seeking to calculate the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) since this is an important measurement for the control Salmonella's resistance to fluoroquinolones such as enrofloxacin (ENR), the treatment of choice for this infection. To establish the MPC, we used a bacterial inoculum ≥109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL and examined the bases for points of resistance to ENR and mutations of target genes of the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR). The three strains of Salmonella Typhimurium used in this study showed an MPC of four times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ENR. In all cases, strains with reduced susceptibility to ENR were obtained, although none reached the point of resistance. The QRDR characterization region was in all cases of wild type (wt). Two of the strains tested with OEO grew at a concentration of 1 × MIC, which could be strains with reduced susceptibility, associated with mutation or not. In this case, the MPC was 2 × MIC. Once isolated and identified as Salmonella Typhimurium, the MIC against OEO of all strains obtained in the induction test indicated a possible reduction in susceptibility. However, the result obtained for both strains coincided with MIC of the original strains, rejecting a priori such a reduced susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium to OEO.

Terapia de aceitação e compromisso em grupos de orientação para alimentação saudável na APS / Therapy of acceptance and commitment in orientation groups to healthy eating in PHC

Resumo: Atividades coletivas de educação em saúde na Atenção Primária contribuem para a troca de saberes, aprendizados e para o fortalecimento de vínculos sociais entre os usuários e os serviços, especialmente quando equipes multiprofissionais participam dessas atividades. O grupo Saúde em Equilíbrio vem consolidando-se na Unidade de Saúde Nossa Senhora Aparecida (USNSA), do Serviço de Saúde Comunitária (SSC) enquanto uma atividade de educação em saúde coletiva, com o objetivo de estimular hábitos alimentares e estilo de vida saudáveis. Participam dessa atividade profissionais da nutrição e da psicologia. O presente estudo tem como objetivo qualificar a participação do profissional psicólogo no grupo Saúde em Equilíbrio propondo intervenções possíveis da psicologia, com foco na Terapia de Aceitação e Compromisso e técnicas que visem a flexibilidade psicológica, em relação a aquisição de hábitos alimentares saudáveis, bem como o trabalho multiprofissional na Atenção Primária. A metodologia utilizada será revisão bibliográfica literária e a descrição do funcionamento do grupo. Interessa-se prioritariamente em propor uma qualificação do trabalho da psicologia nesse espaço, com foco na maior efetividade no alcance dos objetivos do grupo. (AU)

Susceptibility Distribution to Essential Oils of Salmonella enterica Strains Involved in Animal and Public Health and Comparison of the Typhimurium and Enteritidis Serotypes.

To determine the distribution of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of essential oils (EOs) of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), oregano (Origanum vulgare), common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and red thyme (Thymus zygis) against Salmonella enterica, double serial dilutions of each EO were challenged with 85 Salmonella strains belonging to 23 serotypes of animal origin. The results showed the bactericidal character of the EOs tested against S. enterica, highlighting the oregano with MIC50 and MBC50 of 3.12 × 10-4 g/mL, and MIC90 and MBC90 of 6.25 × 10-4 g/mL. When comparing the Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis serotypes susceptibility, we observed a significantly higher sensitivity of Typhimurium to clove and Enteritidis to cinnamon. In addition, Typhimurium isolates with significantly higher MIC and MBC values for all the EOs tested were found, suggesting the existence of a possible resistance profile. The results of this study provide relevant data for the potential of EOs as antibacterials, although they highlight the need to continue bacterial sensitivity distribution studies and consider the differences detected for future in vivo studies.

Antimicrobial activity of selected essential oils against Streptococcus suis isolated from pigs.

The inhibitory potential by contact and vapor of basil, cinnamon, clove, peppermint, oregano, rosemary, common thyme, and red thyme essential oils (EOs) against 20 strains of Streptococcus suis was determined by the disk diffusion test. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC) of the four selected oils. Furthermore, the bactericidal power (ratio MBC/MIC) was calculated. The EOs with the major potential in the disk diffusion method were red thyme, common thyme, oregano, and cinnamon (∅ mean 16.5-34.2 mm), whereas cinnamon did not show vapor activity. In the microdilution test, all the EOs showed notable antimicrobial activity (MIC90 and MBC90 312.5-625 µg·ml-1 ) and a strong bactericidal power (ratio = 1). This is the first study that selects essential oils against S. suis. New studies about the possible synergic effect of EOs with antibiotics and about toxicity and efficacy in in vivo conditions are recommended.

Combination of Antimicrobials and Essential Oils as an Alternative for the Control of Salmonella enterica Multiresistant Strains Related to Foodborne Disease.

Due to the increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobials (AMBs) commonly used in veterinary and human medicine, the new strategies for controlling zoonoses focus on the study of natural products with demonstrated AMB activity, such as essential oils (EOs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of the combination of enrofloxacin (ENR), ceftiofur (CEF), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) with cinnamon, clove, oregano, and red thyme EOs against multiple drug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each product was determined by microdilution and "Checkerboard" methods and their combined effect was evaluated against 15 strains of S. enterica. The results were interpreted by the calculation of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and their respective indexes (FICI). Significant susceptibility of all strains to the four EOs was observed. The results showed a synergistic effect between EOs and AMBs tested, highlighting the upper percentage of total synergies of the SXT with the four EOs (FICI ≤0.5 in 60% of assays), and the most effective combination being the one of ENR and cinnamon. The MIC of cinnamon was reduced from 1250 to 312.5 µg/mL and the MIC of ENR from 2 to 0.031 µg/mL. There was no antagonism in the tested combinations (AMBs-EOs). Our results support the combined use of EOs and AMBs for the control of multiresistant strains of S. enterica with a reduction of the minimum effective dose of AMBs and their adverse effects.

Conhecimento entre estudantes universitários e funcionários de unidades locais de saúde sobre papilomavírus humano e câncer cervical e suas implicações para estratégias de saúde pública e vacinação / Knowledge among college students and employees of local health units about human papillomavirus and cervical cancer and its implications forpublic health strategies and vaccination

O papilomavírus humano (HPV) é a infecção sexualmente transmissível mais diagnosticada em todo o mundo. Estima-se que 70% dos casos de câncer cervical estejam relacionados aos tipos de HPV de alto risco 16 e 18 e 90% das verrugas genitais aos tipos 6 e 11. A despeito de sua grande incidência e da importante morbidade associada, o conhecimento sobre a infecção e sobre suas formas de prevenção permanecem limitados.Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre o HPV, sua relação com o câncer de colo de útero e verrugas genitais e sobre a vacina contra o HPV, entre estudantes da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina e funcionários de unidades locais de saúde do município de Florianópolis. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo, no qual 136 universitários da área da saúde ou não e 77 funcionários de unidades locais de saúde foram avaliados através de questionários incluindo dados demográficos, hábitos de vida, características da infecção pelo HPV e da vacina contra o HPV. Os dados foram analisados com o uso dos programas IBM Software SPSS 20.0 e Epi Info 6.04 e as possíveis associações entre as variáveis foram verificadas com o teste do ?2.Resultados: 94,3% dos participantes afirmaram conhecimento sobre o HPV e 77,93% sobre a vacina contra o HPV. O HPV foi identificado como causador do câncer de colo de útero por 67,86% dos indivíduos de ensino médio/básico, 55,22% dos indivíduos de ensino superior sem formação na área da saúde e94,91% dos indivíduos com formação na área da saúde. Apenas 3,75% dos entrevistados receberam a vacina, apesar de 90,61% afirmarem que permitiriam que seu(sua) filho(a) a recebesse. Conclusão: O conhecimento sobre a infecção pelo HPV, suas consequências e prevenção, tanto entre as pessoas com nível básico/médio quanto entre as pessoas com ensino superior é ainda muito limitado.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection worldwide. It is estimated that 70% ofcervical cancer cases are related to high-risk HPV 16 and 18 types; and 90% of genital warts to HPV 6 and 11. Despite its prevalence and significantas sociated morbidity, the knowledge about the infection and its prevention remain limited. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge about HPV, its relation to cervical cancer and genital warts and the HPV vaccine among students of The Federal University of Santa Catarina and employees of local heal thunits in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional analysis with 136 college students from the health carearea or not and 77 employees from local health units, assessed through questionnaires including demographic data, life style habits, characteristics of HPV infection and HPV vaccine. Data were analyzed using IBM software programs SPSS 20.0 and Epi Info 6.04, and the possible associations between variables were tested using the ?2 test. Results: 94,3% of participants reported knowledge about HPV, and 77,93% about HPV vaccine. HPV was identifiedas causing cervical cancer by 67,86% of the subjects in school, 55,22% of individuals from higher education without training in health and 94,91% of individuals with training in health. Only 3,75% of the respondents received the vaccine, despite 90,61% saying that would allow their child to receiveit. Conclusion: Knowledge about HPV infection, its consequences and prevention, both in people in school and in higher education is still very limited.

Oncogenic High-risk Human Papillomavirus Detection and Evaluation of Risk Factors in the Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia I / Detecção do Papilomavírus Humano de Alto Risco Oncogênico e Avaliação dos seus Fatores de Risco nas Neoplasias Intraepiteliais Cervicais Grau

The cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN I) shows an important percentual of spontaneous regression (80%) and there is no universal consensus if these lesions should be treated or only monitored. Lesions at risk for progression are precisely those associated with high-risk HPV. Knowing which CIN I are related to these viruses may be one of the determining factors for the decision to treat or not. Objective: To determine the prevalence of high-risk HPV in women with CIN I and to evaluate if there is an association between the presence of the virus and some risk factors. Methods : Cross-sectional descriptive study. We evaluated 55 women with histological diagnosis of CIN I. All of them were previously submitted to HPV-DNA testing. Results: 25 out of 55 (45.5%) women analyzed were positive for high-risk HPV. The virus infection was related with higher level of education, smoking and history of sexually transmitted diseases. Other risk factors like age, number of sexual partners, age at first sexual intercourse, use of hormonal contraceptives, and immunosuppression condition did not show a relation to the high-risk HPV infection. Conclusions: The prevalence of high-risk HPV in women with histological diagnosis of CIN I was 45.5%. HPV-DNA detection was associated with smoking, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and higher level of education.

As neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais grau I (NIC I) apresentam um percentual importante de regressão espontânea (cerca de 80%) e não há um consenso universal se essas lesões devam ser tratadas ou apenas acompanhadas. As lesões que apresentam risco de progressão são justamente aquelas associadas aos HPV de alto risco oncogênico. O conhecimento de quais lesões estão relacionadas a esses vírus pode ser um dos fatores determinantes para a decisão de se tratar ou não tais lesões. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do papilomavírus humano (HPV) de alto risco oncogênico em mulheres com resultado histológico de NIC I e verificar a existência da associação entre a presença do vírus e alguns fatores de risco. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de caráter descritivo, onde foram avaliadas 55 mulheres com diagnóstico histopatológico de NIC I. Todas foram submetidas ao teste de DNA-HPV previamente. Resultados: Das 55 mulheres analisadas, 25 (45,5%) apresentaram HPV de alto risco positivo. A infecção pelo vírus foi associada às mulheres com mais anos de estudo, tabagismo e à história de alguma doença sexualmente transmissível. Outros fatores de risco, como a idade, o número de parceiros sexuais, a faixa etária em que ocorreu a coitarca, o uso de anticoncepcionais hormonais e o estado de imunossupressão, não mostraram relação com a infecção pelo HPV. Conclusão: A prevalência do HPV de alto risco oncogênico nas mulheres com diagnóstico histológico de NIC I foi de 45,5%. A detecção do vírus foi associada ao tabagismo, à história de doença sexualmente transmissível e a um grau maior de escolaridade.