ABSTRACT
Soybean crop is regulated by abiotic and biotic stresses with great potential in reducing grain yield and quality. The selection of resistant cultivars is a promising approach for mitigating these damages. We evaluated the chemical profile of Glycine max leaves from different cultivars in order to explore their defense mechanisms against Spodoptera cosmioides caterpillars. We optimized solid-liquid extraction techniques using ultrasound bath and static headspace extraction. Additionally, we developed an approach based on liquid and gas chromatography for analyzing the chemical profile of G. max cultivars. The principal component analysis allowed the classification of transgenic cultivars, which are classified as susceptible to S. cosmioides, from those obtained by genetic improvement and resistant to the insect. Differences were observed in the abundance of phenolic glycosides, lipids, aldehydes, and alcohols. More specifically, S. cosmioides resistant cultivars presented molecules related to the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways. Such data can contribute to a molecular understanding of phenotypic diversity in soybean cultivars, from plant quality to resistance mechanisms and adaptation, to environmental stress and herbivory.
ABSTRACT
Essential oils are volatile compounds commonly used by several industries, easily degradable, which restrains their applications. Therefore, we developed and validated a methodology for producing microcapsules loaded with orange essential oil, using a spray-drying process. The experimental design results showed that the combination between a low flow transfer rate (0.15 L h-1) of the colloidal suspension, a higher drying air flow rate (536 L h-1), and an inlet air temperature of 150 °C to the spray-dryer were the most important parameters for the atomization efficiency. The method optimization resulted in microcapsules with powder recovery between 7.6 and 79.9% (w w-1), oil content ranging from 8.9 to 90.4% (w w-1), encapsulation efficiency between 5.7 and 97.0% (w w-1), and particle sizes with a high frequency of distribution less than 4 µm. In these experiments, gelatin and lignin were evaluated as biopolymers of encapsulation. We also developed an analytical method using headspace gas chromatography. The matrix effects could be addressed by using matrix-matched calibration curves. The chromatographic analysis was linear and selective for D-limonene between 0.025 and 3.00 µg mL-1, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. The analytical method had limits of detection and quantitation of 0.024 and 0.073 mg g-1 for gelatin and 0.039 and 0.119 mg g-1 for lignin, respectively.
