Virulence factors, antifungal susceptibility and molecular profile in Candida species isolated from the hands of health professionals before and after cleaning with 70% ethyl alcohol-based gel.

Fungal infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are mainly related to Candida species, with high mortality rates. They are predominantly of endogenous origin, however, cross-infection transmitted by healthcare professionals' hands has occurred. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species isolated from the hands of healthcare professionals in a NICU before and after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel and evaluate virulence factors DNase, phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin, biofilm biomass production, and metabolic activity. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and similarity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were also performed. C. parapsilosis complex was the most frequent species (57.1%); all isolates presented at least one virulence factor; three isolates (Candida parapsilosis complex) were resistant to amphotericin B, two (Candida famata [currently Debaryomyces hansenii] and Candida guilliermondii [currently Meyerozyma guilliermondii]) was resistant to micafungin, and six (Candida parapsilosis complex, Candida guilliermondii [=Meyerozyma guilliermondii], Candida viswanathi, Candida catenulata [currently Diutina catenulata] and Candida lusitaniae [currently Clavispora lusitaniae]) were resistant to fluconazole. Molecular analysis by RAPD revealed two clusters of identical strains that were in the hands of distinct professionals. Candida spp. were isolated even after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel, highlighting the importance of stricter basic measures for hospital infection control to prevent nosocomial transmission.

Human colostrum in vitro protein digestion: peptidomics by liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-high-resolution MS and prospection for bioactive peptides via bioinformatics.

Breast milk is known to contain bioactive peptides that are released during digestion, being a major source of bioactive peptides to the new-born, some of which act against invading pathogens. However, the formation of bioactive peptides during digestion of human colostrum remains largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to investigate the formation of peptides during simulated digestion of human colostrum from adult women and to prospect antimicrobial peptides. For this purpose, we used high-resolution MS to monitor the release of peptides during in vitro digestion. Bioinformatics was used for the prospection of antimicrobial activity of peptides. During simulated digestion (oral, gastric and duodenal phases), 2318 peptide sequences derived from 112 precursor proteins were identified. At the end of simulated digestion, casein-derived peptide sequences were the most frequently observed. Among precursors, some proteins were seen for the first time in this study. The resulting peptides were rich in proline, glutamine, valine and leucine residues, providing characteristic traits of antimicrobial peptides. From bioinformatics analysis, seven peptides showed potentially high antimicrobial activity towards bacteria, viruses and fungi, from which the latter was the most prominent predicted activity. Antimicrobial peptides released during digestion may provide a defence platform with controlled release for the new-born.

Data reconciliation connected to guard bands to set specification limits related to risk assessment for radiopharmaceutical activity.

Radiopharmaceuticals have been used to diagnose several diseases, particularly because the procedure is non-invasive. However, it is important that the correct amount of radiopharmaceutical is used to avoid inaccurate diagnostic results and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. The amount of the radiopharmaceutical is measured when produced (by the supplier) and a second time (by the receiver), before it's use. When measured at the receiver, the result is corrected for its normal radioactivity decay. Even then, it is possible that both measurements should be considered nominal different or even statistically different when compared through various statistical tools. This research combines two innovative techniques in the field of clinical metrology. The first technique is data reconciliation, which not only enhances measurement accuracy but also reduces measurement uncertainty. The second technique involves using uncertainty information to establish specification limits for compliance assessments. In this way, our proposal aimed to minimize the risk of making incorrect decisions regarding the conformity of the concentration of radiopharmaceutical activity, that is, rejecting an item or batch that is within specification or accepting an item or batch that is outside of specification. A spreadsheet, based on these metrology fundamentals, is available to help the user with the calculations, presenting numerical and graphical results for some common radioisotopes. Reliable specification limits can be calculated and used to determine if the radiopharmaceutical is in accordance with its proposed application.

Detection of Waterborne and Airborne Microorganisms in a Rodent Facility.

This study aimed to evaluate the air and water contamination level and to identify the microbes isolated from a rodent facility located at the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter was used for monitoring water quantitatively; CFU per cubic meter was used for air monitoring. The isolated colonies were identified for qualitative monitoring. Due to absence of specific parameters for these facilities, the results were analyzed according to Brazilian and international standards, depending on which best suited each sample. The mean total number of microorganisms in water ranged from 0.015 ± 0.02 to 0.999 ± 0.91 CFU/mL. The number of microorganisms in air ranged from 9.1 ± 4.6 to 351.56 ± 158.2 CFU/m³. Forty-one microorganisms identified in the samples obtained from the rodent facility were potentially pathogenic or opportunistic for animals and humans (e.g., Corynebacterium spp.). We concluded that the water and air samples were contaminated with potentially pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms that can harm rodents and humans. On the basis of our observations, specific sanitary standards suitable for these facilities should be developed for controlling microbial contamination, which will prevent zoonosis and ensure the reliability of scientific results obtained from animal experiments.

Imaging of Bone Marrow: From Science to Practice.

The study of the bone marrow may pose important challenges, due to its changing features over the life span, metabolic stress, and in cases of disease or treatment. Bone marrow adipocytes serve as storage tissue, but they also have endocrine and paracrine functions, contributing to local and systemic metabolism.Among different techniques, magnetic resonance (MR) has the benefit of imaging bone marrow directly. The use of advanced MR techniques for bone marrow study has rapidly found clinical applications. Beyond the clinical uses, it has opened up pathways to assess and quantify bone marrow components, establishing the groundwork for further study of its implications in physiologic and pathologic conditions.We summarize the features of the bone marrow as an organ, address the different modalities available for its study, with a special focus on MR advanced techniques and their addition to analysis in recent years, and review some of the challenges in interpreting the appearance of bone marrow.

Differentiation Between Osteoporotic and Neoplastic Vertebral Fractures: State of The Art and Future Perspectives.

Vertebral fractures are a common condition occurring in the context of osteoporosis and malignancy. These entities affect a group of patients in the same age range; clinical features may be indistinct and symptoms non-existing, and thus present challenges to diagnosis. In this article, we review the use and accuracy of different imaging modalities available to characterize vertebral fracture etiology, from well-established classical techniques to the role of new and advanced imaging techniques and the prospective use of artificial intelligence. We also address the role of imaging in treatment. In the context of osteoporosis, the importance of opportunistic diagnosis is highlighted. In the near future, the use of automated computer-aided diagnostic algorithms applied to different imaging techniques may be really useful to aid in diagnosis.

Primary Tumors of the Sacrum: Imaging Findings.

The diagnosis of sacral neoplasms is often delayed because they tend to remain clinically silent for a long time. Imaging is useful at all stages of the management of sacral bone tumors, i.e., from the detection of the neoplasm to the long-term follow-up. Radiographs are recommended as the modality of choice to begin the imaging workup of a patient with known or suspected sacral pathology. More sensitive examinations, such as Computerized Tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MRI), or scintigraphy, are often necessary. The morphological features of the lesions on CT and MRI help orientate the diagnosis. Although some imaging characteristics are helpful to limit the differential diagnosis, an imaging-guided biopsy is often ultimately required to establish a specific diagnosis. Imaging is of paramount importance even in the long-term follow-up, in order to assess any residual tumor when surgical resection remains incomplete, to assess the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to detect recurrence.

An NMR-Based Chemometric Strategy to Identify Leishmania donovani Nucleoside Hydrolase Inhibitors from the Brazilian Tree Ormosia arborea.

Nucleoside hydrolases are a strategic target for the development of drugs to treat leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that affects 700 thousand to one million people annually. The present study aimed to identify Leishmania donovani nucleoside hydrolase (LdNH) inhibitors from the leaves of Ormosia arborea, a tree endemic to Brazilian ecosystems, through a strategy based on 1H NMR analyses and chemometrics. The aqueous EtOH extract of O. arborea leaves inhibited LdNH activity by 95%. The extract was fractionated in triplicate (13 in each step, making a total of 39 fractions). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to correlate the 1H NMR spectra of the fractions with their LdNH inhibitory activity and thus to identify the spectral regions associated with the bioactivity. The strategy aimed at isolating the probable bioactive substances and led to two new A-type proanthocyanidins, linked to a p-coumaroyl unit (1 and 2), which appeared as noncompetitive inhibitors of LdNH (IC50: 28.2 ± 3.0 µM and 25.6 ± 4.1 µM, respectively). This study confirms the usefulness of the NMR-based chemometric methods to accelerate the discovery of drugs from natural products.

Polysaccharide composition of an anticoagulant fraction from the aqueous extract of Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Lamiaceae).

Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant popularly used against envenomation by snakebite. Pharmacological studies have shown that extracts of M. chamaedrys have antiophidic, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties, supporting the ethnopharmacological use. In this study, an aqueous extract of aerial parts of M. chamaedrys showed anticoagulant activity in the activated partial thromboplastin time assay (0.54 IU/mg). The bioassay-guided fractionation using ethanol precipitation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50 and Sephadex G-25 resulted in a water-soluble fraction with increased anticoagulant activity (Fraction F2-A; 2.94 IU/mg). A positive correlation was found between the amount of uronic acids and the anticoagulant potential of the active samples. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses indicated that F2-A contained homogalacturonan, type I rhamnogalacturonan, type II arabinogalactan and α-glucan. UV and FT-IR spectra indicated the possible presence of ferulic acid. Pectic polysaccharides and type II arabinogalactans may be contributing to the anticoagulant activity of the aqueous extract of M. chamaedrys in the APTT assay.

High-intensity interval training followed by postexercise cold-water immersion does not alter angiogenic circulating cells, but increases circulating endothelial cells.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) induces vascular adaptations that might be attenuated by postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI). Circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) participate in the vascular adaptations and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) indicate endothelial damage. CAC and CEC are involved in vascular adaptation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate postexercise CWI during HIIT on CAC and CEC and on muscle angiogenesis-related molecules. Seventeen male subjects performed 13 HIIT sessions followed by 15 min of passive recovery (n = 9) or CWI at 10 °C (n = 8). HIIT comprised cycling (8-12 bouts, 90%-110% peak power). The first and the thirteenth sessions were similar (8 bouts at 90% of peak power). Venous blood was drawn before exercise (baseline) and after the recovery strategy (postrecovery) in the first (pretraining) and in the thirteenth (post-training) sessions. For CAC and CEC identification lymphocyte surface markers (CD133, CD34, and VEGFR2) were used. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed pre- and post-training for protein (p-eNOSser1177) and gene (VEGF and HIF-1) expression analysis related to angiogenesis. CAC was not affected by HIIT or postexercise CWI. Postexercise CWI increased acute and baseline CEC number. Angiogenic protein and genes were not differently modulated by post-CWI. HIIT followed by either recovery strategy did not alter CAC number. Postexercise CWI increased a marker of endothelial damage both acutely and chronically, suggesting that this postexercise recovery strategy might cause endothelial damage. Novelty HIIT followed by CWI did not alter CAC. HIIT followed by CWI increased CEC. Postexercise CWI might cause endothelial damage.

High-intensity interval training reduces monocyte activation in obese adults.

Alterations in the distribution and activation of monocyte subsets are frequently observed in individuals with obesity and their participation in the pathological complications of obesity is proposed. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can be a time-efficient alternative to counteract the inflammatory outcomes of obesity, but so far, its effects on monocytes in obesity has not been fully explored. In this study, we investigated whether 8 weeks of HIIT can modify the distribution and activation of the three monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes) in individuals with obesity. Our data show that individuals with obesity have a higher percentage of non-classical monocytes compared to control, lean individuals, and consequently an imbalance among the CD16+ monocyte subsets. Also, the expression of HLA-DR by intermediate monocytes is higher in insulin-resistant obese individuals, which indicates monocyte activation in obesity. After 8 weeks of HIIT, the percentage of non-classical monocytes was reduced in individuals with obesity, restoring the balance among the CD16+ monocytes. Also, the expression of HLA-DR by intermediate monocytes in insulin-resistant obese subjects was lower after HIIT. Both findings indicate that monocyte activation in individuals with obesity was reduced by HIIT. These modifications were observed in the absence of changes in weight and body composition, although they were accompanied by the improvement in the metabolic status (reduced insulin levels). Our findings indicate that HIIT can be considered a time-efficient strategy to manage obesity-related monocyte alterations and strengthen the immunomodulatory potential of HIIT.

Reduction of ßN-alkanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamides and diterpenes by yeast supplementation to green coffee during wet processing.

Coffee is one of the most consumed non-alcoholic beverages in the world. It is well known that some compounds present in coffee beans have important biological activities. In this study, evidence was turned to ßN-alkanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamides (C-5HTs) and to the furokaurane diterpenes cafestol and kahweol, associated with gastric irritation and increasing of blood cholesterol, respectively. Fermentation in coffee post-harvest wet process was induced by three Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts (for bakery, white and sparkling wines) as starter cultures. Variations in mass, time, temperature and pH (56 experiments under fractional factorial and mixture experimental designs) were tested. Substantial reductions for C-5HTs (up to 38% reduction for C20-5HT and 26% for C22-5HT) as well as for diterpenes (54% for cafestol and 53% for kahweol) were obtained after treating green coffee beans with 0.6 g of a 1:1:1 mixture the three yeasts for 12 h at 15 °C and pH 4. Caffeine and 5-CQA content, monitored in the green coffee beans, did not change. Therefore, the use of starter cultures during coffee post-harvest wet process has influence on the amount of some important compounds related to health and improves the sensory quality of the beverage.

Isolation of Cryptococcus species from the external environments of hospital and academic areas.

INTRODUCTION: Fungi of the genus Cryptococcus are cosmopolitan and may be agents of opportunistic mycoses in immunocompromised and sometimes immunocompetent individuals. Cryptococcus species are frequently isolated from trees and bird excreta in the environment and infection occurs by inhalation of propagules dispersed in the air. The aim was to investigate Cryptococcus species in bird excreta and tree hollows located in a university hospital area and in an academic area of a university campus. METHODOLOGY: A total of 40 samples of bird excreta and 41 samples of tree hollows were collected. The identification of the isolates was done by classical methodology and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Twenty (62.5%) isolates of Cryptococcus were found in bird excreta and 12 (37.5%) in tree hollows. C. laurentii (currently Papiliotrema laurentii) was the most frequent species in both samples, being found in 5 samples of excreta and in 8 tree hollows. The diversity of species found in excreta (C. laurentii, C. albidus [currently Naganishia albida], C. liquefaciens [currently N. liquefaciens], C. friedmanii [currently N. friedmannii] and others) was higher than in tree hollows (C. laurentii, C. flavescens [currently Papiliotrema flavescens], and other yeasts). CONCLUSION: Many Cryptococcus species were isolated from excreta and tree hollows, and this fact is important for understanding the environmental epidemiology of those emerging pathogens for public health, as a way to implement surveillance actions and control of cryptococcosis.

Post-exercise cold-water immersion improves the performance in a subsequent 5-km running trial.

Various post-exercise strategies have been proposed to accelerate recovery during periods of training. However, the effects of water immersion (WI) temperature on recovery amid multiple daily exercise bouts are not well investigated. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of cold and warm water immersion temperatures between acute exercise bouts vs. no WI recovery on running performance. METHODS: Nine recreationally trained men (age: 24.0 ± 6.0 years old) participated in four experimental sessions using a crossover design. Each experimental session consisted of unilateral eccentric knee flexion exercise and 90 min of treadmill running at 70% of peak oxygen consumption followed by 15 min of WI at 15°C, 28°C or 38°C or passive recovery seated at room temperature (CON). Four hours following WI or CON, subjects completed a 5 km running time trial. Rectal temperature (Trec), heart rate, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) were measured. RESULTS: Statistical analyses indicated that time trial performance was not affected by post-exercise recovery by WI (P > .05). The magnitude-based inferences indicated that 15°C (+ 3.6 ± 7.8%) likely and 28°C (+ 3.2 ± 7.5%) possibly improved recovery compared with CON, while the effect of 38°C (- 0.1 ± 12.3%) on recovery was unclear. During WI, heart rate and rectal temperature were not different from CON, but EPOC was higher in 15°C and 28°C compared to CON. Trec in 15°C was lower than CON from the 15th min post WI. EPOC was also greater in 15°C post WI compared to CON. CONCLUSION: WI at 15°C and 28°C following acute exercise likely and possibly, respectively, improved subsequent 5 km running time trial performance. We speculate that the faster recovery in core temperature post-exercise may underlie these improvements in recovery.

Efficacy of physical therapy associated with botulinum toxin type A on functional performance in post-stroke spasticity: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

The aim was to investigate if botulinum toxin type A (BTx-A) associated with physical therapy is superior to physical therapy alone in post stroke spasticity. A randomized, double-blinded controlled trial was performed in a rehabilitation unit on Northeastern, Brazil. Patients with post stroke spasticity were enrolled either to BTx-A injections and a pre-defined program of physical therapy or saline injections plus physical therapy. Primary endpoint was functional performance evaluated through time up and go test, six minutes walking test and Fugl-Meyer scale for upper limb. Secondary endpoint was spasticity improvement. Confidence interval was considered at 95%. Although there was a significant decrease in upper limbs flexor tonus (P<0.05) in the BTx-A group, there was no difference regarding functional performance after 9 months of treatment. When analyzing gait speed and performance, both groups showed a significant improvement in the third month of treatment, however it was not sustained over time. Although BTx-A shows superiority to improve muscle tone, physical therapy is the cornerstone to improve function in the upper limbs of post stroke patients.

Optimization of Aqueous Extraction from Kalanchoe pinnata Leaves to Obtain the Highest Content of an Anti-inflammatory Flavonoid using a Response Surface Model.

INTRODUCTION: The medicinal plant Kalanchoe pinnata is a phenolic-rich species used worldwide. The reports on its pharmacological uses have increased by 70% in the last 10 years. The leaves of this plant are the main source of an unusual quercetin-diglycosyl flavonoid (QAR, quercetin arabinopyranosyl rhamnopyranoside), which can be easily extracted using water. QAR possess a strong in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the aqueous extraction of QAR from K. pinnata leaves using a three-level full factorial design. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After a previous screening design, time (x1 ) and temperature (x2 ) were chosen as the two independent variables for optimization. Freeze-dried leaves were extracted with water (20% w/v), at 30°C, 40°C or 50°C for 5, 18 or 30 min. QAR content (determined by HPLC-DAD) and yield of extracts were analyzed. The optimized extracts were also evaluated for cytotoxicity. RESULTS: The optimal heating times for extract yield and QAR content were similar in two-dimensional (2D) surface responses (between 12.8 and 30 min), but their optimal extraction temperatures were ranged between 40°C and 50°C for QAR content and 30°C and 38°C for extract yield. A compromise region for both parameters was at the mean points that were 40°C for the extraction temperature and 18 min for the total time. CONCLUSION: The optimized process is faster and spends less energy than the previous one (water; 30 min at 55°C); therefore is greener and more attractive for industrial purposes. This is the first report of extraction optimization of this bioactive flavonoid. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Brewery Waste Reuse for Protease Production by Lactic Acid Fermentation.

This study evaluated the use of three solid brewery wastes: brewer's spent grain, hot trub and residual brewer's yeast, as alternative media for the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria to evaluate their potential for proteolytic enzyme production. Initially, a mixture experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of each residue, as well as different mixtures (with the protein content set at 4%) in the enzyme production. At predetermined intervals, the solid and liquid fractions were separated and the extracellular proteolytic activity was determined. After selecting the best experimental conditions, a second experiment, factorial experimental design, was developed in order to evaluate the protein content in the media (1 to 7%) and the addition of fermentable sugar (glucose, 1 to 7%). Among the wastes, residual yeast showed the highest potential for the production of extracellular enzymes, generating a proteolytic extract with 2.6 U/mL in 3 h. However, due to the low content of the fermentable sugars in the medium, the addition of glucose also had a positive effect, increasing the proteolytic activity to 4.9 U/mL. The best experimental conditions of each experimental design were reproduced for comparison, and the enzyme content was separated by ethanol precipitation. The best medium produced a precipitated protein with proteolytic activity of 145.5 U/g.

The epidemiology of cryptococcosis and the characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated in a Brazilian University Hospital.

Cryptococcosis, a systemic disease caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans/ Cryptococcus gattii is more severe in immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of the disease, the molecular characteristics and the antifungal susceptibility of C. neoformans isolated from patients treated in a Brazilian university hospital. This retrospective study was conducted in the Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, and evaluated cases of cryptococcosis and strains of C. neoformans isolated from 2004 to 2013. We evaluated 41 patients, 85% of whom were diagnosed with AIDS. The fungus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients (51%); 19.5% had fungemia and in 24% the agent was isolated from the CSF and blood, concurrently. Meningoencephalitis was the most frequent (75%) manifestation of infection. Despite adequate treatment, the mortality of the disease was 58.5%. Most isolates (97.5%) presented the VNI genotype (serotype A, var. grubii) and one isolate was genotyped as C. gattii (VGI); all the isolates were determined as mating type MATa and showed susceptibility to the tested antifungals (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine). Although AIDS detection rates remain stable, opportunistic infections such as cryptococcosis remain as major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients.

The epidemiology of cryptococcosis and the characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated in a Brazilian University Hospital

ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis, a systemic disease caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans/ Cryptococcus gattii is more severe in immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of the disease, the molecular characteristics and the antifungal susceptibility of C. neoformans isolated from patients treated in a Brazilian university hospital. This retrospective study was conducted in the Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, and evaluated cases of cryptococcosis and strains of C. neoformans isolated from 2004 to 2013. We evaluated 41 patients, 85% of whom were diagnosed with AIDS. The fungus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients (51%); 19.5% had fungemia and in 24% the agent was isolated from the CSF and blood, concurrently. Meningoencephalitis was the most frequent (75%) manifestation of infection. Despite adequate treatment, the mortality of the disease was 58.5%. Most isolates (97.5%) presented the VNI genotype (serotype A, var. grubii) and one isolate was genotyped as C. gattii (VGI); all the isolates were determined as mating type MATa and showed susceptibility to the tested antifungals (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine). Although AIDS detection rates remain stable, opportunistic infections such as cryptococcosis remain as major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients.

Post-exercise cold water immersion does not alter high intensity interval training-induced exercise performance and Hsp72 responses, but enhances mitochondrial markers.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of regular post-exercise cold water immersion (CWI) on intramuscular markers of cellular stress response and signaling molecules related to mitochondria biogenesis and exercise performance after 4 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Seventeen healthy subjects were allocated into two groups: control (CON, n = 9) or CWI (n = 8). Each HIIT session consisted of 8-12 cycling exercise stimuli (90-110 % of peak power) for 60 s followed by 75 s of active recovery three times per week, for 4 weeks (12 HIIT sessions). After each HIIT session, the CWI had their lower limbs immersed in cold water (10 °C) for 15 min and the CON recovered at room temperature. Exercise performance was evaluated before and after HIIT by a 15-km cycling time trial. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained pre and 72 h post training. Samples were analyzed for heat shock protein 72 kDa (Hsp72), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK) assessed by western blot. In addition, the mRNA expression of heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 and 2 (NRF1 and 2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK2) and enzymes citrate synthase (CS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4) were assessed by real-time PCR. Time to complete the 15-km cycling time trial was reduced with training (p < 0.001), but was not different between groups (p = 0.33). The Hsp72 (p = 0.01), p38 MAPK, and AMPK (p = 0.04) contents increased with training, but were not different between groups (p > 0.05). No differences were observed with training or condition for mRNA expression of PGC-1α (p = 0.31), CPT1 (p = 0.14), CS (p = 0.44), and NRF-2 (p = 0.82). However, HFS-1 (p = 0.007), PDK4 (p = 0.03), and Tfam (p = 0.03) mRNA were higher in CWI. NRF-1 decrease in both groups after training (p = 0.006). CaMK2 decreased with HIIT (p = 0.003) but it was not affected by CWI (p = 0.99). Cold water immersion does not alter HIIT-induced Hsp72, AMPK, p38 MAPK, and exercise performance but was able to increase some markers of cellular stress response and signaling molecules related to mitochondria biogenesis.