Seroepidemiological study of maedi-visna in sheep in Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe States / Estudo soroepidemiológico da maedi-visna em ovinos nos estados do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe

The production performance of a livestock herd can be compromised by various diseases. In sheep, maedi-visna (MV) infections, which have a chronic nature, are caused by a virus (maedi-visna virus (MVV)) belonging to the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. The infection can cause significant economic losses and has considerable health impacts on sheep breeding in production systems. Due to the importance of this disease in sheep flocks, the objective was to conduct a serosurvey of MVV in the states of Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB), and Sergipe (SE). A total of, 3332 serum samples were collected in the four states, 1011 in CE, 931 in RN, 459 in PB, and 931 in SE, with the number of samples proportional to the actual herd size of each state. The samples were analyzed using the agar gel microimmunodiffusion test (AGID). Reproducers were revaluated using western blotting (WB). In addition to this serological survey, we administered an investigative questionnaire to identify possible risk factors that facilitate the introduction and spread of diseases (location, category, sex, breed type, creation system, production, herd size, and association with goats). After analysis of the sera using the AGID test, there was zero prevalence. Revaluating breeders by WB revealed a 5.5% prevalence of MV in the four states studied, with prevalences for the states of CE, RN, Paraiba, and SE of 2.3% (2/88), 10.4% (8/77), 3.6% (1/28), and 4.7% (2/42), respectively, corresponding to 13 breeders containing antibodies to the virus. These findings emphasized that the choice of diagnostic tests is extremely important for the early detection of seropositive animals and thus the prevention of the spread of the virus among herds in the region.(AU)

O desempenho produtivo de um rebanho pode ser comprometido por diversas enfermidades. Em relação aos ovinos, à ocorrência da Maedi - Visna (MV) doença infecciosa, de caráter crônico, causada por um vírus (Maedi-Visna Vírus MVV) pertencente ao gênero Lentivirus da família Retroviridae. A infecção pode causar importantes perdas econômicas e elevados impactos sanitários nos sistemas de produção da ovinocultura. Em virtude da importância desta enfermidade nos rebanhos ovinos, o objetivo do estudo foi realizar um levantamento soroepidemiológico do vírus da Maedi - Visna (MVV) nos estados do Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB) e Sergipe (SE). Para tanto, foram coletadas 3332 amostras de sangue nos quatro estados, sendo 1011 do CE, 931 do RN, 459 da PB e 931 de SE, sendo este número de amostras proporcional ao rebanho efetivo de cada estado. As amostras foram analisadas utilizando o teste de microimunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Os reprodutores foram reavaliados pela técnica de Western Blot (WB). Associado a esse levantamento sorológico foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para identificar possíveis fatores de risco que podem facilitar a introdução e disseminação de enfermidades (localização, categoria, sexo, tipo racial, sistema de criação, produção, tamanho de rebanho e associação com caprinos). Após análise dos soros pelo teste de IDGA foi verificada uma soroprevalência nula nos rebanhos estudados. Os reprodutores reavaliados pelo WB apresentaram uma prevalência geral de 5,5% da MV nos quatro estados estudados, sendo que os estados do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe apresentaram, 2,3% (2/88), 10,4% (8/77), 3,6% (1/28) e 4,7% (2/42) respectivamente, correspondendo a 13 reprodutores que apresentaram presença de anticorpos. Diante desses resultados, ressalta-se que a escolha dos testes diagnósticos é de extrema importância para que haja uma detecção precoce de animais soropositivos, e assim evitar a...(AU)

Seroepidemiological study of maedi-visna in sheep in Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Sergipe States / Estudo soroepidemiológico da maedi-visna em ovinos nos estados do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe

The production performance of a livestock herd can be compromised by various diseases. In sheep, maedi-visna (MV) infections, which have a chronic nature, are caused by a virus (maedi-visna virus (MVV)) belonging to the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. The infection can cause significant economic losses and has considerable health impacts on sheep breeding in production systems. Due to the importance of this disease in sheep flocks, the objective was to conduct a serosurvey of MVV in the states of Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB), and Sergipe (SE). A total of, 3332 serum samples were collected in the four states, 1011 in CE, 931 in RN, 459 in PB, and 931 in SE, with the number of samples proportional to the actual herd size of each state. The samples were analyzed using the agar gel microimmunodiffusion test (AGID). Reproducers were revaluated using western blotting (WB). In addition to this serological survey, we administered an investigative questionnaire to identify possible risk factors that facilitate the introduction and spread of diseases (location, category, sex, breed type, creation system, production, herd size, and association with goats). After analysis of the sera using the AGID test, there was zero prevalence. Revaluating breeders by WB revealed a 5.5% prevalence of MV in the four states studied, with prevalences for the states of CE, RN, Paraiba, and SE of 2.3% (2/88), 10.4% (8/77), 3.6% (1/28), and 4.7% (2/42), respectively, corresponding to 13 breeders containing antibodies to the virus. These findings emphasized that the choice of diagnostic tests is extremely important for the early detection of seropositive animals and thus the prevention of the spread of the virus among herds in the region.

O desempenho produtivo de um rebanho pode ser comprometido por diversas enfermidades. Em relação aos ovinos, à ocorrência da Maedi - Visna (MV) doença infecciosa, de caráter crônico, causada por um vírus (Maedi-Visna Vírus MVV) pertencente ao gênero Lentivirus da família Retroviridae. A infecção pode causar importantes perdas econômicas e elevados impactos sanitários nos sistemas de produção da ovinocultura. Em virtude da importância desta enfermidade nos rebanhos ovinos, o objetivo do estudo foi realizar um levantamento soroepidemiológico do vírus da Maedi - Visna (MVV) nos estados do Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Paraíba (PB) e Sergipe (SE). Para tanto, foram coletadas 3332 amostras de sangue nos quatro estados, sendo 1011 do CE, 931 do RN, 459 da PB e 931 de SE, sendo este número de amostras proporcional ao rebanho efetivo de cada estado. As amostras foram analisadas utilizando o teste de microimunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Os reprodutores foram reavaliados pela técnica de Western Blot (WB). Associado a esse levantamento sorológico foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para identificar possíveis fatores de risco que podem facilitar a introdução e disseminação de enfermidades (localização, categoria, sexo, tipo racial, sistema de criação, produção, tamanho de rebanho e associação com caprinos). Após análise dos soros pelo teste de IDGA foi verificada uma soroprevalência nula nos rebanhos estudados. Os reprodutores reavaliados pelo WB apresentaram uma prevalência geral de 5,5% da MV nos quatro estados estudados, sendo que os estados do Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Sergipe apresentaram, 2,3% (2/88), 10,4% (8/77), 3,6% (1/28) e 4,7% (2/42) respectivamente, correspondendo a 13 reprodutores que apresentaram presença de anticorpos. Diante desses resultados, ressalta-se que a escolha dos testes diagnósticos é de extrema importância para que haja uma detecção precoce de animais soropositivos, e assim evitar a...

Medium-term cryopreservation of rabies virus samples

Introduction The cryopreservation of rabies virus has been described in detail in the literature. To date, little information is available on the use of cryoprotective agents for cold preservation of this virus, and the available data focus only on short-term virus preservation. In this study, we investigated the medium-term cryopreservation of samples of rabies virus using different cryopreservation protocols. Methods The cryopreservation protocols for the rabies virus samples were performed at -20°C and were divided according to the variables of time and cryoprotectant type used. The laboratory tests (intracerebral inoculation of mice, viral titration and direct immunofluorescence) were performed at regular intervals (360 and 720 days) to assess the viability of the viral samples according to the different preservation techniques used. Results After 1 year of cryopreservation, the fluorescence intensity of intracellular corpuscles of the rabies virus and the median survival time of the mice differed between the positive controls and the treatments with the cryoprotectants. After 2 years, most of the samples subjected to the cryopreservation protocols (including the controls) did not produce fluorescence. However, the virus samples exposed to the cryoprotectant sucrose (68% solution) responded positively in the direct immunofluorescence assay and in the intracerebral inoculation of the mice. Conclusions Medium-term cryopreservation of the rabies virus inactivates the viral sample. However, the cryoprotectant agent sucrose (68%) produces a preservative effect in cryopreserved rabies virus samples. .

Eletroforese bidimensional e espectrometria de massa como ferramentas proteômicas aplicadas à definição de marcadores proteicos associados à eficiência reprodutiva de caprinos / Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry as proteomic tools applied to the definition of protein markers associated with reproductive efficiency goats

O crescimento e desenvolvimento do rebanho caprino no Nordeste são observados com o aumento na produção da pecuária do Brasil. Esse aumento é reflexo, a princípio, das maiores exigências do mercado consumidor por produtos de melhor qualidade obtidos a partir de rebanhos de alto padrão zootécnico. As pesquisas atuais ilustram a necessidade de dispor de biomarcadores que auxiliem a indicação do potencial reprodutivo dos animais, uma vez que isso não pode ser expresso apenas com o exame andrológico. A avaliação da expressão das proteínas, tomando-as como biomarcadores, é análise potencial uma vez que estas, dentre os constituintes do plasma seminal, são encontradas em maior quantidade na forma de complexos associados, desempenhando papel crucial em todos os processos relacionados à capacidade fecundante dos espermatozoides. Essa análise é realizada por métodos de separação e detecção simultânea de proteínas utilizando técnicas como a eletroforese bidimensional (2DE) ou cromatografias, acoplados a métodos cada vez mais eficientes e sensíveis de identificação e quantificação de níveis de expressão de proteínas por espectrometria de massas. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar sobre a técnica de eletroforese bidimensional associada à espectrometria de massa como ferramenta na análise da expressão de proteínas dentro do campo da proteômica.

The growth and development of goat herds in the northeast are being observed due to the increase in livestock production in Brazil. This increase reflects demands of the consumer market for high quality product, which are obtained from flocks of high standard zootechnics. Current research illustrates the need for biomarkers that indicate an animal ́s reproductive potential, since this cannot be expressed solely with andrologic evaluation. For this reason, the expression of the proteins as biomarkers is a potential analysis. The proteins from the seminal plasma constituents are found in larger amounts in the form of associated complexes, playing a crucial role in all processes related to the fertilizing capacity of sperm. This analysis is performed by separation methods and simultaneous detection of proteins using techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) or chromatography. These techniques are coupled with methods to identify and quantify expression levels of proteins by mass spectrometry that are increasingly efficient and sensitive. The aim of this review was to discuss the technique of two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry as a tool in the analysis of protein expression within the field of proteomics.

Eletroforese bidimensional e espectrometria de massa como ferramentas proteômicas aplicadas à definição de marcadores proteicos associados à eficiência reprodutiva de caprinos / Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry as proteomic tools applied to the definition of protein markers associated with reproductive efficiency goats

O crescimento e desenvolvimento do rebanho caprino no Nordeste são observados com o aumento na produção da pecuária do Brasil. Esse aumento é reflexo, a princípio, das maiores exigências do mercado consumidor por produtos de melhor qualidade obtidos a partir de rebanhos de alto padrão zootécnico. As pesquisas atuais ilustram a necessidade de dispor de biomarcadores que auxiliem a indicação do potencial reprodutivo dos animais, uma vez que isso não pode ser expresso apenas com o exame andrológico. A avaliação da expressão das proteínas, tomando-as como biomarcadores, é análise potencial uma vez que estas, dentre os constituintes do plasma seminal, são encontradas em maior quantidade na forma de complexos associados, desempenhando papel crucial em todos os processos relacionados à capacidade fecundante dos espermatozoides. Essa análise é realizada por métodos de separação e detecção simultânea de proteínas utilizando técnicas como a eletroforese bidimensional (2DE) ou cromatografias, acoplados a métodos cada vez mais eficientes e sensíveis de identificação e quantificação de níveis de expressão de proteínas por espectrometria de massas. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar sobre a técnica de eletroforese bidimensional associada à espectrometria de massa como ferramenta na análise da expressão de proteínas dentro do campo da proteômica.(AU)

The growth and development of goat herds in the northeast are being observed due to the increase in livestock production in Brazil. This increase reflects demands of the consumer market for high quality product, which are obtained from flocks of high standard zootechnics. Current research illustrates the need for biomarkers that indicate an animal ́s reproductive potential, since this cannot be expressed solely with andrologic evaluation. For this reason, the expression of the proteins as biomarkers is a potential analysis. The proteins from the seminal plasma constituents are found in larger amounts in the form of associated complexes, playing a crucial role in all processes related to the fertilizing capacity of sperm. This analysis is performed by separation methods and simultaneous detection of proteins using techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) or chromatography. These techniques are coupled with methods to identify and quantify expression levels of proteins by mass spectrometry that are increasingly efficient and sensitive. The aim of this review was to discuss the technique of two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry as a tool in the analysis of protein expression within the field of proteomics.(AU)

Medium-term cryopreservation of rabies virus samples.

INTRODUCTION: The cryopreservation of rabies virus has been described in detail in the literature. To date, little information is available on the use of cryoprotective agents for cold preservation of this virus, and the available data focus only on short-term virus preservation. In this study, we investigated the medium-term cryopreservation of samples of rabies virus using different cryopreservation protocols. METHODS: The cryopreservation protocols for the rabies virus samples were performed at -20°C and were divided according to the variables of time and cryoprotectant type used. The laboratory tests (intracerebral inoculation of mice, viral titration and direct immunofluorescence) were performed at regular intervals (360 and 720 days) to assess the viability of the viral samples according to the different preservation techniques used. RESULTS: After 1 year of cryopreservation, the fluorescence intensity of intracellular corpuscles of the rabies virus and the median survival time of the mice differed between the positive controls and the treatments with the cryoprotectants. After 2 years, most of the samples subjected to the cryopreservation protocols (including the controls) did not produce fluorescence. However, the virus samples exposed to the cryoprotectant sucrose (68% solution) responded positively in the direct immunofluorescence assay and in the intracerebral inoculation of the mice. CONCLUSIONS: Medium-term cryopreservation of the rabies virus inactivates the viral sample. However, the cryoprotectant agent sucrose (68%) produces a preservative effect in cryopreserved rabies virus samples.

Princípios básicos da criomicrobiologia: enfoque nos tipos de micro-organismos e nos principais agentes crioprotetores / Basic principles of criomicrobiologia: focus in kind of microorganisms and principals cryoprotectants agents

O reconhecimento da grande relevância da biodiversidade microbiana para o desenvolvimento humano tem conduzido ao aprimoramento de técnicas destinadas à conservação dos mais diversos espécimes microbiológicos. Contudo, ainda não existe uma fórmula singular, ideal ou universal que possibilite a eficiência da estocagem e preservação microbiana a longo prazo. Consequentemente, diversos micro-organismos para os quais há uma crescente demanda, ainda esperam pelo desenvolvimento de metodologias adequadas à sua conservação, fazendo da criobiologia um campo de vasto potencial para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Nesse contexto, a proposta dessa revisão é discutir os princípios básicos da criomicrobiologia, com enfoque na preservação dos variados tipos de micro-organismos e nos principais agentes crioprotetores, tomando como base estudos disponíveis na literatura científica.

The recognizing the great importance of microbial biodiversity for human development has led to the improvement of techniques for the conservation of diverse microbiological specimens. However, there isn't a singular, ideal or universal method to provice the efficiency of the long-term microorganisms stock and preservation. Many microorganisms for which there is a growing demand still wait for the development of satisfactory methodologies to their conservation, making the cryobiology a field of vast potential for the development of researches. Then, the proposal of this review is to discuss the basic principles of cryomicrobiology, focusing the preservation of kinds microorganisms and principals agents cryoprotectants, using the available studies in the comtemporary scientific literature as base.

[Risks of transmitting rabies virus from captive domiciliary common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to human beings, in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil]. / Risco de transmissão do vírus da raiva oriundo de sagui (Callithrix jacchus), domiciliado e semidomiciliado, para o homem na região metropolitana de Fortaleza, estado do Ceará

INTRODUCTION: In the State of Ceará, a new variant of the rabies virus was identified associated with cases of human rabies transmitted by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), which are frequently kept as pets. This new variant does not present antigenic proximity or genetic relationship to variants of the virus isolated from bats and terrestrial mammals from the American continent. The present study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of rabies virus transmission from common marmosets (C. jacchus) maintained as pets in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, to human beings. METHODS: A questionnaire focusing on animal management and interaction between humans and primates was applied to individuals who had marmosets in the municipalities of Aquiraz and Maranguape. In order to evaluate the presence of rabies antigens by direct immunofluorescence test (DIF), samples of saliva were collected from domiciliary captive marmosets. Based on the detection of rabies antigens, biopsy samples of central nervous system (CNS) were analyzed. RESULTS: Analysis of questionnaire data verified that a close relation exists between humans and their pet marmosets, especially during management practices. Additionally, these people showed minimal knowledge regarding rabies, which represents a greater risk of infection. Of the 29 saliva samples evaluated, one (3.4%) was positive for DIF reaction and of the 11 CNS samples, three (27.3%) were positive. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory data are in agreement with the questionnaire findings, which confirm an increased risk of rabies virus transmission due to the close relation between humans and marmosets.

Rabies virus viability after short-term cryopreservation using cryoprotectant agents

Rabies virus cryopreservation has been succinctly described in the scientific literature. The major researches about viral conservation emphasize the rabies diagnosis in decomposed samples. For now few information has been available concerning the use of cryoprotectants for rabies virus cryopreservation. This study aimed at assessing the viability of rabies virus after freezing/thawing procedures and investigating the effect of different concentrations of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and sucrose (SUC) on rabies virus cryopreservation. Virus viability was assessed by virus isolation based on mouse inoculation test, titration and immunofluorescent antibody assay before and after 30 days of freezing procedures. The rabies virus samples after being exposed to cryopreservation without adding a cryoprotectant, its viability showed to be lower than that observed in samples exposed to other treatments. After 30 days of freezing procedure, the viability of cryopreserved samples using DMSO, GLY or PEG was lower than that observedin fresh samples. In addition, the use of sucrose at 10 or 68 concentrations induced positive effects on the viral particles viability after a short-term cryopreservation.

Risco de transmissão do vírus da raiva oriundo de sagui (Callithrix jacchus), domiciliado e semidomiciliado, para o homem na região metropolitana de Fortaleza, estado do Ceará / Risks of transmitting rabies virus from captive domiciliary common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to human beings, in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: Uma variante do vírus da raivafoi identificadaem associação a casos de raiva humanos, no Estado do Ceará, transmitidos por saguis (Callithrix jacchus), primatas frequentemente criados como animais de estimação. Essa variante não apresenta proximidade antigênica ou relação genética com as variantes do vírus encontradas em morcegos e mamíferos terrestres das Américas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco de transmissão do vírus da raiva oriundo de sagui (C. jacchus), criado como animal de estimação, para o homem na região metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará. MÉTODOS: Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado aos criadores de saguis, residentes nos municípios de Aquiraz e Maranguape, Ceará, enfocando o manejo e a interação desses primatas com humanos. Para avaliação da ocorrência de antígenos rábicos, através do teste de imunofluorescência direta (IFD), foram coletadas amostras de saliva dos saguis domiciliados e semidomiciliados. Com base nos resultados obtidos desses espécimes, foram analisadas amostras de sistema nervoso central (SNC). RESULTADOS: Na análise dos questionários, observou-se a proximidade dos criadores de saguis durante o manejo desses animais nos domicílios, bem como, seus conhecimentos limitados sobre a raiva, demonstrando haver risco quanto à transmissão do vírus. De 29 amostras de saliva de saguis reavaliadas, uma (3,4 por cento) apresentou reação de IFD positiva. De 11 amostras de SNC, três (27,3 por cento) apresentaram positividade. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados laboratoriais estão de acordo com os achados dos questionários, confirmando haver risco da transmissão do vírus da raiva devido à convivência de humanos com saguis (C. jacchus).

INTRODUCTION: In the State of Ceará, a new variant of the rabies virus was identified associated with cases of human rabies transmitted by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), which are frequently kept as pets. This new variant does not present antigenic proximity or genetic relationship to variants of the virus isolated from bats and terrestrial mammals from the American continent. The present study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of rabies virus transmission from common marmosets (C. jacchus) maintained as pets in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, to human beings. METHODS: A questionnaire focusing on animal management and interaction between humans and primates was applied to individuals who had marmosets in the municipalities of Aquiraz and Maranguape. In order to evaluate the presence of rabies antigens by direct immunofluorescence test (DIF), samples of saliva were collected from domiciliary captive marmosets. Based on the detection of rabies antigens, biopsy samples of central nervous system (CNS) were analyzed. RESULTS: Analysis of questionnaire data verified that a close relation exists between humans and their pet marmosets, especially during management practices. Additionally, these people showed minimal knowledge regarding rabies, which represents a greater risk of infection. Of the 29 saliva samples evaluated, one (3.4 percent) was positive for DIF reaction and of the 11 CNS samples, three (27.3 percent) were positive. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory data are in agreement with the questionnaire findings, which confirm an increased risk of rabies virus transmission due to the close relation between humans and marmosets.