A review of tuberculosis contact investigations in the poor urban areas of Manila, The Philippines.

Setting: Socio-economically underprivileged areas in the Philippines. Objective: To review the implementation of tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations in the urban poor areas of Manila and Quezon City. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study based on a review of data from household contact registries in local government unit (LGU) and non-government organisation (NGO) facilities during January-December 2012 in Manila and Quezon City. Free discussion sessions were also conducted among health-care workers. Results: Of 6161 children and adult household contacts listed in the LGUs and 1893 in the NGOs, 17% (n = 1086) in the LGUs and 95% (n = 1800) in the NGOs were evaluated. The yield of clinically diagnosed TB among children aged <15 years was 10.2% (127/1245) in the LGUs and 8.4% (63/752) in the NGOs. The yield of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for those aged <5 years was 23.1% (124/537) in the LGUs and 28.0% (78/279) in the NGOs. The NGOs produced a high yield of IPT due to a better logistical system that ensured the availability of supplies and systematic home visits. Conclusion: Screening of household contacts in poor urban areas appears to be effective; it increased the number of children aged <15 years eligible for IPT and should be expanded as an intervention strategy for TB control in the Philippines.

Contexte : Quartiers défavorisés sur le plan socio-économique aux Philippines.Objectif : Revoir la mise en œuvre de la recherche des contacts de tuberculose (TB) dans les zones urbaines pauvres de Manille et de Quezon City.Schéma : Une étude descriptive transversale basée sur une revue des données des registres de contacts domiciliaires de janvier à décembre 2012 dans des unités publiques locales (LGU) et des structures d'organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) à Manille et à Quezon City. Des séances de discussion libre ont également été réalisées avec les prestataires de soins.Résultats : Sur les 6161 contacts familiaux des LGU et les 1893 contacts des ONG (enfants et adultes) listés, 17% (1086/6161) des LGU et 95% (1800/1893) des ONG ont été évalués. Le pourcentage de TB diagnostiquées cliniquement parmi les enfants âgés de < 15 ans a été de 10,2% (127/1245) dans les LGU et de 8,4% (63/752) dans les ONG. Le pourcentage d'enfants âgés de < 5 ans mis sous traitement préventif par isoniazide (TPI) a été de 23,1% (124/537) dans les LGU et de 28,0% (78/279) dans les ONG. Les ONG ont eu une meilleure mise en œuvre du TPI grâce à un meilleur système logistique qui a assuré la disponibilité des médicaments et des visites à domicile systématiques.Conclusion : Le dépistage des contacts familiaux dans les zones urbaines pauvres semble être efficace et il a augmenté le nombre d'enfants âgés de < 15 ans éligibles au TPI ; il devrait être étendu en tant que stratégie d'intervention pour la lutte contre la TB aux Philippines.

Marco de referencia: Las regiones desfavorecidas desde el punto de vista socioeconómico en las Filipinas.Objetivo: Evaluar la aplicación de la investigación de contactos de casos de tuberculosis (TB) en las zonas urbanas pobres de Manila y Ciudad Quezón.Método: Un estudio transversal descriptivo con análisis de datos de los registros de contactos domiciliarios de enero a diciembre del 2012, en los establecimientos de las Unidades del Gobierno Local (UGL) y de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG) en Manila y Ciudad Quezón. Se realizó además una sesión abierta de conversaciones con los profesionales de salud.Resultados: En las UGL se evaluaron 17% (1086/6161) y en los establecimientos de las ONG se investigaron 95% (1800/1893) de los contactos domiciliarios registrados (niños y adultos). El rendimiento (diagnóstico clínico) en los niños <15 años fue 10,2% (127/1245) en las UGL y 8,4% (63/752) en las ONG. El suministro del tratamiento preventivo con isoniazida en los niños de < 5 años alcanzó un 23,1% (124/537) en las UGL y un 28,0% (78/279) en las ONG. Las ONG lograron un resultado superior con respecto al tratamiento preventivo debido a su mejor organización logística, que procuraba la disponibilidad de los suministros y visitas domiciliarias sistemáticas.Conclusión: La investigación de los contactos domiciliarios en las zonas urbanas pobres resulta eficaz y aumenta el número de niños <15 años que cumplen con los criterios para recibir el tratamiento preventivo con isoniazida. Sería conveniente ampliar la escala de esta intervención, como una estrategia de control de la TB en las Filipinas.

Effectiveness of a training course on the quality assurance of chest radiography in the Philippines.

SETTING: Socio-economically underprivileged areas in urban settings in the Philippines. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a training course in quality chest radiography (CXR). METHODS: A descriptive, observational intervention study in which a questionnaire was administered to X-ray facility staff before training, and CXRs were reviewed before and after a training course for radiological technologists in Manila and Quezon City in the Philippines from 2009 to 2010. Course participants submitted six CXRs, each taken before and after training. Two senior radiological technologists blinded to the CXR profiles assessed the CXRs independently, using an assessment sheet developed by the Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance. RESULTS: Forty radiological technologists from 10 facilities in Manila City and nine in Quezon City participated in the training. A total of 36 participants submitted the required set of CXRs. The assessment indicated that the training effectively improved the quality of CXRs in terms of identification marking (Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank sum test, P = 0.00), contrast (P = 0.00), sharpness (P = 0.01), artefacts (P = 0.00), and the total score of the factors (P = 0.00). CONCLUSION: The significant improvement in the total score of assessment factors strongly suggests a positive impact of the training course on improving the quality of CXRs.

Tuberculosis Diagnostic Committees' contribution to the National TB Program in Manila and Quezon Cities.

SETTING: The Philippines Tuberculosis Diagnostic Committees (TBDCs) were created to improve the quality of diagnosis of sputum smear-negative chest radiography suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis (sn-PTB). OBJECTIVE: To determine current TBDC activities, obstacles and possible solutions for improvements in the quality of diagnosis of sn-PTB in Manila City and Quezon City. DESIGN: A descriptive review of TBDC Masterlist records and interviews with TBDC members using a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: A record review of nine of 10 TBDCs was conducted, with interviews of 33 of the 49 current members. During the second and third quarters of 2009, respectively 1142 and 1563 sn-PTB cases were evaluated by the TBDCs in both cities. Of these, 53% in Manila City and 65% in Quezon City were classified as active TB patients. There were significant variations in the percentage of patients recommended for anti-tuberculosis treatment by the TBDC. The participation of its members is based on their expressed commitment to program sustainability. CONCLUSION: TBDC activities contribute to TB control in the Philippines by ensuring the judicious use of resources. Further research to assess the contributions of TBDCs in reducing diagnostic and treatment delays, and factors affecting the sustainability of the TBDCs, is recommended.