ABSTRACT
Heart dysfunction and liver disease often coexist. Among the types of cardiohepatic syndrome, Type 2 is characterized by the chronic impairment of cardiac function, leading to chronic liver injury, referred to as congestive hepatopathy (CH). In this study, we aimed to establish a rat model of CH secondary to right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) related to monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Three experimental groups were submitted to intraperitoneal MCT inoculation (60 mg/kg) and were under its effect for 15, 30 and 37 days. The animals were then sacrificed, obtaining cardiac and hepatic tissues for anatomopathological and morphometric analysis. At macroscopic examination, the livers in the MCT groups presented a nutmeg-like appearance. PAH produced marked RVH and dilatation in the MCT groups, characterized by a significant increase in right ventricular free wall thickness (RVFWT) and chamber area. At histological evaluation, centrilobular congestion was the earliest manifestation, with preservation of the hepatocytes. Centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis was observed in the groups exposed to prolonged MCT. Sinusoidal dilatation was markedly increased in the MCT groups, quantified by the Sinusoidal Lumen Ratio (SLR). The Congestive Hepatic Fibrosis Score and the Centrilobular Fibrosis Ratio (CFR) were also significantly increased in the MCT30 group. Hepatic atrophy, steatosis, apoptotic bodies and, rarely, hydropic swelling were also observed. SLR correlated strongly with CFR and RVFWT, and CFR correlated moderately with RVFWT. Our rat model was able to cause CH, related to monocrotaline-induced PAH and RVH; it was feasible, reproducible, and safe.
Subject(s)
Disease Models, Animal , Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/complications , Liver Diseases/pathology , Monocrotaline/toxicity , Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/physiopathology , Animals , Liver Diseases/etiology , Male , Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/chemically induced , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Dados do Instituto Nacional do Câncer estimam que o Brasil terá 625 mil novos casos de câncer a cada ano do triênio 2020-2022. O Brasil, único país da América Latina com um sistema universal de saúde, apresentou grande avanço no tratamento do câncer. Nesse ínterim inclui-se a imunoterapia. Entretanto, o desafio ainda é longo e de custo muito elevado assim, o objetivo desta revisão foi discutir acerca da disponibilidade geral de imunoterapia no SUS. Assim, foi realizda pesquisa bibliográfica no Pubmed e Scielo com os descritores "Imunoterapia", "Sistema Único de Saúde" e "Oncologia". Selecionou-se 17 artigos. Em conclusão, a partir da incorporação da imunoterapia no SUS, estima-se aumento considerável na sobrevida. Todavia, a carência da disponibilidade orçamentária atrasa a implementação do tratamento. Ademais, são necessárias mais pesquisas e novas formas de seleção dos pacientes para a disponibilidade do tratamento a fim de não prejudicar o sistema público.
Data from the National Cancer Institute estimate that Brazil will have 625,000 new cases of cancer each year in the 2020-2022 triennium. Brazil, the only country in Latin America with a universal health system, has made great progress in cancer treatment. In the meantime, immunotherapy is included. However, the challenge is still long and costly, so the objective of this review was to discuss the general availability of immunotherapy in the SUS. Thus, a bibliographic research was carried out in Pubmed and Scielo with the descriptors "Immunotherapy", "Sistema Único de Saúde" and "Oncology". 17 articles were selected. In conclusion, from the incorporation of immunotherapy in the SUS, a considerable increase in survival is estimated. However, the lack of budget availability delays the implementation of the treatment. Furthermore, more research and new ways of selecting patients are needed for the availability of treatment in order not to harm the public system.
