Género, infodemia y desinformación en salud. Revisión de alcance global, vacíos de conocimiento y recomendaciones.

OBJETIVO: explorar el estado de la literatura científica sobre los aspectos de infodemia y desinformación en salud vinculados al género y a la interseccionalidad, detectar vacíos de conocimiento y brindar recomendaciones. MÉTODOS: revisión de alcance global, con la detección de vacíos de conocimiento y recomendaciones. Se buscó en ocho bases de datos: MEDLINE (Pubmed), Anthropological Index Online, Studies on Women & Gender Abstracts, LILACS, Scielo, Global Index Medicus, Web of Science, Google académico y se hizo una búsqueda manual en Google de documentos de los últimos 10 años, sin restricciones de idioma y geográficas. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de los estudios incluidos. RESULTADOS: 855 registros fueron identificados y 21 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Predominan los estudios que tuvieron como primer autor/a una mujer (13/21), aunque en la autoría global se destacaron los hombres (10/21). El modelo binario fue el enfoque principal (16/21). La mayoría (18/21) se publicaron a partir del 2020. Se abordaron principalmente temas relacionados con la COVID-19 y la salud sexual y reproductiva (antes de la pandemia), y en menor medida la salud mental. Se identificaron interacciones entre diferencias de sexo/género en la desinformación/infodemia en salud especialmente en mujeres, colectivos de género diverso, personas mayores y población de bajo nivel socioeducativo. CONCLUSIONES: existen brechas de conocimiento en el tema explorado, con escaso número de estudios, y limitaciones de alcances y del enfoque de género y/o feminista (más allá del binario). No obstante, los resultados tentativos constatan la presencia de inequidades de género e interseccionalidad en la desinformación en salud. PALABRAS CLAVE: infodemia, desinformación, género, COVID-19, revisión sistemática.

Social Image of Old Age, Gendered Ageism and Inclusive Places: Older People in the Media.

Ageism promotes the exclusion of older people from society by generating a negative image that they also internalize. The aim of this article is to investigate older people's social self-image, through statements broadcast on a national Spanish radio program aimed at this group. A qualitative analysis was conducted for a random sample from the sound archive for the Radio Nacional de España program Juntos Paso a Paso (Together, Step by Step) (2008-2021), using codes based on the pillars and determinants of active ageing and the three dimensions of ageism. Intercoder agreement was calculated. There were significant findings regarding ageism, gendered ageism and ageing in place, with differences according to size of municipal area. The program in question can be considered a viable secondary source for the research aim. Ageism is most commonly manifested through implicit opinions and invisibilization in family and social contexts. Care activities play a notably central role in responses related to gendered ageism. In relation to ageing in place, older people prefer their habitual environment when they have moderate care needs and accept moves to nursing homes when their needs increase.

Influence of Active and Healthy Ageing on Quality of Life Changes: Insights from the Comparison of Three European Countries.

This study aimed to analyze the determinants of quality of life (QoL) in older people in three European countries (Portugal, Spain and Sweden). A sample of 7589 participants in waves 4 (2011) and 6 (2015) of the Survey on Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) project, aged 50 and over and living in Portugal, Spain and Sweden, was included. The CASP-12 scale was used to measure QoL. A principal component analysis was performed to group preselected variables related to active and healthy ageing into the dimensions of health, social participation, and lifelong learning. A linear regression model was built using the change in CASP-12 scores over the 4-year follow-up as the dependent variable, including the interactions between country and each independent variable in the model. After four years, the average QoL increased in Portugal (difference = 0.8, p < 0.001), decreased in Spain (-0.8, p < 0.001), and remained constant in Sweden (0.1, p = 0.408). A significant country-participation component interaction (p = 0.039) was found. In Spain, a higher participation (ß = 0.031, p = 0.002) was related to a higher QoL improvement at 4 years, but not in Sweden or Portugal. Physical health and emotional components (ß = 0.099, p < 0.001), functional ability (ß = 0.044, p = 0.023), and cognitive and sensory ability (ß = 0.021, p = 0.026) were associated with QoL changes over time in all countries. The country-specific associations between health, social participation and QoL should be taken into account when developing public health policies to promote QoL among European older people.

Jóvenes, fin de semana y uso recreativo de drogas: evolución y tendencias del ocio juvenil / Youth, week-end and recreative use of drugs: evolution and tendencies in leisureamong the youth

Objetivo: análisis de la evolución del ocio en los jóvenes, centrándose en los cambios actitudinales y en la aparición de nuevas actividades recreativas. Método: revisión de los datos obtenidos en distintos estudios, especialmente los institucionales (INJUVE, CIS, Observatorio Español de Drogas), sobre la juventud y sus formas de ocio. Resultados: se observa un cambio en el propio concepto de juventud, que incluye cada vez a un sector más amplio y heterogéneo de población. No obstante, el ocio de los jóvenes tiende a una progresiva homogeneización tanto en las actividades como en el lugar –la calle– y tiempo –la noche, especialmente el fin de semana– en que se desarrolla y en el sentido que adquiere. Esta forma de ocio lleva asociado un consumo importante de alcohol y otras drogas ilegales, banalizándose su consumo y dando lugar a la aparición de fenómenos sociales como el “botellón” y la proliferación del consumo de las drogas de síntesis. Conclusiones: la juventud actual percibe estas sustancias como carentes de riesgos para la salud, y además, les atribuyen valor sociogénico (AU)

An analysis was conducted of how leisure time in young people has evolved, focussing on changes in attitudes and the emergence of new recreational activities. Data from different psychosocial studies regarding young people and their leisure activities were analysed, particularly institutional ones (INJUVE, CIS, Spanish Drug Monitoring Centre). A change has been observed in the very concept of youth, covering a broader and more heterogeneous sector of the population. However, young people’s free time tends to become more homogenous in terms of activities, as well as where (outside the home) and when (at night and particularly, at the weekends) these activities take place and in the meaning they acquire. This form of leisure involves considerable amounts of alcohol and other illegal drugs, dismissing the significance of alcohol and drug consumption, giving rise to social phenomena such as the “botellón” (groups of young people get together in public places and buy alcohol to share. It is less expensive than going to a bar and each one ordering his/ her own drink) and the proliferation of synthetic drug consumption. Conclusions: young people currently perceive these substances as risk-free in terms of their health, in addition to considering them sociogenic (AU)