ABSTRACT
Background: Hypoparathyroidism, retardation, and dysmorphism (HRD) Syndrome is a rare disease composed of hypoparathyroidism, retardation of both growth and development, and distinctive dysmorphic features. Here, we describe the long-term morbidity and mortality in a large cohort of HRD patients and suggest recommendations for follow up and treatment. Methods: Medical records of 63 HRD syndrome patients who were followed at Soroka Medical Center during 1989-2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Information regarding demographics, medical complications, laboratory findings, and imaging studies was collected. Results: The mortality rate was 52%. The main causes of death were infectious diseases including pneumonia, septic shock, and meningitis. Multiple comorbidities were found including brain anomalies in 90% of examined patients (basal ganglia calcifications, tightening of corpus callosum, Chiari malformation, hydrocephalous, and brain atrophy), seizures in 62%, nephrocalcinosis and/or nephrolithiasis in 47%, multiple eye anomalies were recorded in 40%, bowel obstructions in 9.5%, and variable expression of both conductive and senso-neural hearing loss was documented in 9.5%. Conclusion: HRD is a severe multisystem disease. Active surveillance is indicated to prevent and treat complications associated with this rare syndrome.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: The rare hypoparathyroidism-retardation-dysmorphism (HRD) syndrome (OMIM #241410) is caused by the mutated tubulin chaperone E (TBCE) gene. This gene encodes a critical protein in the microtubule assembly pathway. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the endocrine profile of patients with HRD. METHODS: The study used a retrospective analysis of a large cohort of patients in a single university medical center. Sixty-three patients were diagnosed with HRD during 1990 to 2019; 58 of them had an endocrine evaluation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We investigated somatic growth parameters, the prevalence of hypoglycemia, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, and cortisol deficiency. RESULTS: All patients were born small for gestational age, and severe growth retardation was found in all patients with mean height standard deviation score (SDS) of -8.8 (range: -5.1 to -15.1) and weight SDS -18 (range: -5.1 to -61.2). Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations were very low among the 21 studied patients: -2.32 SDS (range: -0.6 to -2.7). Four out of 14 (28%) investigated patients had growth hormone deficiency, and 55% of patients were hospitalized due to symptomatic hypoglycemia. Adrenal glucocorticoid insufficiency was diagnosed in 22% of those tested. Hypothyroidism was found in 36% of patients. Both hypogonadotrophic and hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism were observed. The main magnetic resonance imaging findings were small anterior pituitary gland, small hippocampus, brain atrophy, thin corpus callosum, Chiari type I malformation, and septo-optic dysplasia. CONCLUSION: Multiple endocrine abnormalities are common in patients with HRD syndrome. Periodic screening of thyroid and adrenal functions is recommended.
