ABSTRACT
Nitric oxide (NO) is a neuromodulator involved in physiological and pathological processes in the retina. In the inner retina, a subgroup of amacrine cells have been shown to synthesize NO, but bipolar cells remain controversial as NO sources. This study correlates NO synthesis in dark-adapted retinas, through labeling with the NO marker DAF-FM, with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible NOS expression, and presence of the NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase in bipolar cells. NO containing bipolar cells were morphologically identified by dialysis of DAF fluorescent cells with intracellular dyes, or by DAF labeling followed by immunohistochemistry for nNOS and other cellular markers. DAF fluorescence was observed in all types of bipolar cells that could be identified, but the most intense DAF fluorescence was observed in bipolar cells with severed processes, supporting pathological NO signaling. Among nNOS expressing bipolar cells, type 9 was confirmed unequivocally, while types 2, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, 7, 8 and the rod bipolar cell were devoid of this enzyme. These results establish specific bipolar cell types as NO sources in the inner retina, and support the involvement of NO signaling in physiological and pathological processes in the inner retina.
Subject(s)
Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Retinal Bipolar Cells/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , Animals , Female , Fluorescein/metabolism , Fluoresceins/metabolism , Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism , Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism , Male , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleySubject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Radionuclide Imaging , Cholecystitis , Gallbladder , TechnetiumABSTRACT
Se analizan 500 pacientes con flujo por el pezón en las que se estudian sus características y los riesgos de asociación a patología maligna. La descarga se pesquisó en el 5,16% de las consultas por enfermedades mamarias. Un 7,6% de los derrames correspondió a patología maligna. El riesgo de malignidad varió en relación a la edad, al tipo de derrame, espontaneidad, uni o bilateralidad del flujo, y asociación a tumor palpable. Se analizan estos individualmente y sumando factores de riesgo se concluye: 1.Descarga no hemática y sin tumor palpable: 0% de malignidad 2.Descarga hemática sin tumor palpable: 10,73% de malignidad 3.Descarga hemática más tumor palpable: 38,29% de malignidad 4.Descarga hemática más tumor palpable en mujeres mayores de 60 años: 70% de malignidad
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Diseases/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast/metabolism , Nipples/metabolism , MammographyABSTRACT
Se presenta el caso de una paciente primigesta de 17 anos, quien a las 20 semanas de embarazo presenta bruscamente un intenso dolor abdominal con cuadro de abdomen agudo y de anemia. La puncion abdominal revela la existencia de un hemoperitoneo.La operacion demuestra un embarazo cornual con rotura uterina y con feto vivo contenido en la cavidad abdominal. Se practica una salpingectomia y una histerorrafia. La evolucion postoperatoria es satisfactoria
