ABSTRACT
Background: Enamel is the hardest and vastly mineralized structure of the human body. Inorganic salts make up the majority of it. Water and ions pass right through the enamel. The enamel undergoes demineralization and remineralization cycle throughout life. Recently, the interest in the development of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride remineralization technology has been increased leading to the development and reintroduction of various remineralizing agents such as fluoride, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF), nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA), xylitol, bioglass, Ozone, etc. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the potential remineralization of CPP-ACPF, calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP), amine fluoride (AmF), and nano-HA. Settings and Design: The design of this research is experimental. This is an in vitro study. The research was carried out at the Dental Teaching Institute. This study involved human teeth. No demographic data were obtained. One hundred and twenty premolars were selected from the tooth bank of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The teeth included in the study were noncarious, nonrestored, and nonfractured extracted teeth. Teeth excluded from the study were extracted teeth with any visible or detectable caries, white spot lesions, microcracks, attrition, abrasion, erosion, or abfraction. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty enamel samples were taken; they were divided into six groups (n = 20). The demineralization process was carried out on Groups II, III, IV, V, and VI. The remineralization process was carried out on Groups III, IV, V, and VI for 14 days using CASP, AmF, and nano-HA, respectively. No surface treatment was performed in Group I causing it a positive control group, whereas Group II was considered a negative control with only enamel surface demineralization and no remineralization. The microhardness of enamel was measured using Vickers microhardness testing machine after a 14-day remineralization regimen. Statistical Analysis: In the statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's tests were performed. Results: The mean microhardness values in declining order: positive control > nano-HA > AmF > CaSP > CPP-ACPF > negative control. Conclusion: All remineralizing agents exhibited enhanced surface remineralization. Nano-HA showed the highest remineralization potential followed by AmF, CaSP, and CPPACPF.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sandwich technique combines the properties of both composite resin and glass ionomer cement to make the most of the physical and esthetic properties of each material. Bonding agents improve the wettability of GIC surface and improves the bond between composite resin and GIC. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare shear bond strength of composite resin to resin modified glass ionomer cement using HEMA-based and HEMA-free adhesive systems. An in vitro study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total 30 disc-shaped samples were prepared with resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Samples were divided into three groups, each group containing 10 samples. Group I (n=10): Nano-hybrid composite resin (NHCR) was bonded to RMGIC without any adhesive system. Group II (n=10): NHCR was bonded to RMGIC using hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA)-based adhesive system. Group III (n=10): NHCR was bonded to RMGIC using HEMA-free adhesive system. The shear bond strength was tested using Universal testing Machine and the results were calculated using one way ANOVA and Post-Hoc test. RESULTS: Maximum shear bond strength was recorded in group III where HEMA-free adhesive used with a mean value of 6.13±1.859 MPa followed by group II where HEMA-based adhesive used with mean value of 4.38±1.533 MPa. The control group showed least shear bond strength. CONCLUSION: Application of HEMA-free adhesive (OptiBond All-In-One) resulted in greater shear bond strength between RMGIC and composite resin than HEMA-based adhesive (Single bond Universal Adhesive).
ABSTRACT
AIMS: The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate and compare the smear layer removal efficacy of etidronic acid-based irrigating solution with others in the apical third of the root canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty human single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were taken and decoronated to standardize the canal length. After biomechanical preparation, teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) and the final irrigation was carried out with tested irrigants. Group I: normal saline (negative control); Group II: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with surfactant and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with surfactant; Group III: freshly mixed BioPure MTAD; and Group IV: freshly mixed Chloroquick solution. The teeth were split into two halves and observed under a scanning electron microscope to analyze the amount of smear layer present. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Group II (5.25% NaOCl with surfactant followed by 17% EDTA with surfactant) showed least smear layer scores (1.1 ± 0.3162). This was followed by Group III (MTAD) (2.2 ± 0.4216) and then Group IV (Chloroquick) (2.4 ± 0.5164). CONCLUSION: Sequential use of 5.25% NaOCl with surfactant and 17% EDTA with surfactant was found to be the most efficient than MTAD and Chloroquick in the removal of smear layer in the apical third of root canal.