Test of insulin resistance in nondiabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using glycosylated hemoglobin test and other interventions.

Type 2 diabetes is common globally. Pioglitazone (PGZ) is an oral TZD antidiabetic, whereas chromium-picolinate (Cr-PL) and Cr-glucose tolerance factor (Cr-GTF) are useful type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) supplements. Cr-PL/GTF antioxidants cure T2DM. They may fail in diabetes with or without insulin-sensitizing medications. It examined how Cr-PL, Cr-GTF, PGZ, and their combination affected glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Sixty-three adult Sprague-Dawley rats (220-300 g) were selected, and nine rats were randomly assigned to a normal nondiabetic group. In contrast, 54 rats were randomly split into 9 rats per each of the 6 major groups and injected intraperitoneally with 40 mg/kg STZ to induce T2DM. Rats were administered PGZ = 0.65 mg/kg (rat weight)/day, Cr-PL = 1 mg/kg, Cr-GTF = 1 mg/kg, and their combinations (PGZ + Cr-PL and Cr-GTF) daily for 6 weeks per intervention. The PGZ + Cr-PL and PGZ + Cr-GTF groups had substantially lower insulin levels than the PGZ group (13.38 ± 0.06, 12.98 ± 0.19 vs. 14.11 ± 0.02, respectively), with the PGZ + Cr-GTF group having the lowest insulin levels (12.98 ± 0.19 vs. 14.11 ± 0.02, 13.38±0.06, respectively). Intervention substantially reduced HOMA-IR in the PZ + Cr-PL and PZ + Cr-GTF groups compared to PGZ (7.49 ± 0.04, 6.69 ± 0.11 vs. 8.37 ± 0.04, respectively). This research found that combining PGZ with Cr-GTF resulted in considerably lower HOMA-IR levels than the PGZ and Cr-PL groups (6.69 ± 0.11 vs. 8.37 ± 0.04, 7.49 ± 0.04, respectively). Both Cr-PL and Cr-GTF may control T2DM. Both Cr complexes improved T2DM biomarkers more than the control diabetic group without medication. PGZ alone and PGZ + Cr-PL had less pharmacological synergy than Cr-GTF and PGZ in altering insulin and HOMA-IR blood levels. These encouraging discoveries need more study.

Ameliorative effect of selenium yeast in combination with pioglitazone on diabetes outcomes in streptozotocin-induced.

Anti-diabetic therapies possess many side effects; thus, searching for alternative strategies with low cost, minimal side effects, and high therapeutic value is very important. The present study aimed to explore the combined use of selenium yeast (SY) and standard anti-diabetic drug pioglitazone (PGZ) for diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM. STZ was injected daily intraperitoneally with a low dose (40 mg/kg) into Sprague-Dawley rats to induce DM. The synergistic effect of the SY (0.2 mg/kg) and PGZ (0.65 mg/kg) on DM complications was evaluated after 88 weeks of treatment. The impact of our medication on glucose levels, insulin sensitivity, lipid abnormalities, oxidative mediators, and inflammatory markers was assessed by biochemical techniques. STZ-induced diabetes has toxic effects, including toxic hepatic tissues, lipid disturbances, massive oxidative damage, and hyperinflammation. Experimental rats either treated with monotherapy alone or combined therapy resulted in a significant anti-diabetic effect. The PGZ+ SY combination has the best effect, as illustrated by significant (P < 0.05) decreases in fasting blood glucose, (FBG) insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR levels. This combination attenuated (P < 0.05) lipid disturbances and their associated elevated atherogenicity biomarkers. At the same time, treatments with PGZ+ SY exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect as they ameliorated the increase in inflammatory parameters (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6). Also, it restored the total antioxidant capacity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARƔ) levels that were decreased by STZ-DM induction. In conclusion, this study finds PGZ+ SY as a promising DM therapeutic alternative. This synergistic combination alleviates most DM-related complications and insulin resistance.

The cardiovascular complications of diabetes: a striking link through protein glycation.

Diabetes mellitus is a predominant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. One of its serious health problems is cardiovascular complications. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a group of heterogeneous toxic oxidant compounds that are formed after a non-enzymatic reaction between monosaccharides and free amino groups of proteins, compound lipids, and nucleic acids. AGE interacts with various types of cells through a receptor for AGE (RAGE). The interaction between AGE and RAGE is responsible for a cascade of inflammation, oxidative stress, and disruption of calcium homeostasis in cardiac cells of diabetic patients. There is striking evidence that the AGE/RAGE axis with its consequences on inflammation and oxidative stress plays a major role in the development of cardiovascular complications. Therefore, considering AGE as a therapeutic target with foreseeable results would be a wise direction for future research. Interestingly, several studies on nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and natural products have begun to reveal promising therapeutic results, and this could lead to better health outcomes for many diabetic patients worldwide. This article discusses the current literature addressing the connection between protein glycation and diabetes cardiovascular complications and suggests future avenues of research.

The effect of defatted cocoa powder on cholesterol-induced changes of serum lipids in rats

INTRODUCTION: Cocoa has been known for many health benefits, but its lipid-lowering activity still remains unresolved. OBJECTIVES: To investigate effects of varying amounts of defatted cocoa on serum lipids in cholesterol-fed rats. METHODS: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four cholesterol-free (control) and four cholesterol-supplemented (experimental) diets containing 0, 1, 2 or 3% defatted cocoa (DC) and given ad libitumto the rats for ten weeks. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low- and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and VLDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were quantified, atherogenic index (AI) was calculated, and other biological parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Food intake and body weight did not respond to DC. Compared to 0% DC, 3% DC had the most prominent effect on serum lipids inducing significant fall in LDL-C and TG, and rise in TC/TG in cholesterol-deprived rats, and increase in VLDL-C and AI, and decrease in HDL-C in cholesterol-fed rats. Compared to cholesterol-deprived rats, 3% DC caused significant rise in VLDL-C, AI and TC/TG, and fall in TG in cholesterol-fed rats. This lipid-modifying effect was markedly substantiated by corresponding linear trend responses to DC. Differences in lipid variables of rats fed on DC diets were less evident. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that, in contrast to cholesterol-free situations, defatted cocoa is seemingly incapable of counteracting the atherogenic effect of cholesterol in rats, perhaps in an interaction that is likely to have clinical implications in cardiometabolic conditions.

The effect of defatted cocoa powder on cholesterol-induced changes of serum lipids in rats / El efecto del polvo de cacao desgrasado en los cambios de colesterol inducidos de los lípidos séricos en ratas

Introduction: Cocoa has been known for many health benefits, but its lipid-lowering activity still remains unresolved. Objectives: To investigate effects of varying amounts of defatted cocoa on serum lipids in cholesterol-fed rats. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four cholesterol-free (control) and four cholesterol-supplemented (experimental) diets containing 0, 1, 2 or 3% defatted cocoa (DC) and given ad libitum to the rats for ten weeks. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low- and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and VLDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were quantified, atherogenic index (AI) was calculated, and other biological parameters were assessed. Results: Food intake and body weight did not respond to DC. Compared to 0% DC, 3% DC had the most prominent effect on serum lipids inducing significant fall in LDL-C and TG, and rise in TC/TG in cholesterol-deprived rats, and increase in VLDL-C and AI, and decrease in HDL-C in cholesterol-fed rats. Compared to cholesterol-deprived rats, 3% DC caused significant rise in VLDL-C, AI and TC/TG, and fall in TG in cholesterol-fed rats. This lipid-modifying effect was markedly substantiated by corresponding linear trend responses to DC. Differences in lipid variables of rats fed on DC diets were less evident. Conclusions: Results suggest that, in contrast to cholesterol-free situations, defatted cocoa is seemingly incapable of counteracting the atherogenic effect of cholesterol in rats, perhaps in an interaction that is likely to have clinical implications in cardiometabolic conditions (AU)

Introducción: los beneficios del cacao para la salud se conocen desde hace muchos años, pero su actividad hipolipemiante aún permanece sin resolver. Objetivos: investigar los efectos de cantidades variables de cacao desgrasado en los lípidos séricos en ratas alimentadas con colesterol. Métodos: cuarenta y ocho ratas Sprague-Dawley macho fueron asignadas aleatoriamente en cuatro dietas libres de colesterol (control) y cuatro dietas con suplemento de colesterol (experimentales) que contenían 0, 1, 2 o 3% de cacao desgrasado (CD), suministradas a las ratas ad libitum durante diez semanas. Se cuantificaron el colesterol sérico total (TC), las lipoproteínas de baja o muy baja densidad (LDL-C y VLDL-C), las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL-C) y los triglicéridos (TG), se calculó el índice aterogénico (IA), y se evaluaron otros parámetros biológicos. Resultados: la ingesta de alimentos y el peso corporal no respondieron al CD. En comparación con el 0% de CD, la dieta con un 3% de CD tuvo el efecto más prominente en los lípidos séricos, produciendo una bajada significativa de LDL-C y TG y subida de TC/TG en ratas privadas de colesterol, y un aumento de VLDL-C y IA y descenso del HDL-C en ratas alimentadas con colesterol. En comparación con las ratas privadas de colesterol, la dieta con un 3% de CD causó un aumento significativo de VLDL-C, IA y TC/TG y un descenso de los TG en ratas alimentadas con colesterol. Este efecto modificador de los lípidos estuvo claramente reflejado en respuestas al CD de tendencia lineal. Las diferencias en las variables lipídicas de las ratas alimentadas con dietas con CD fueron menos evidentes. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que, en contraste con situaciones libres de colesterol, el cacao desgrasado es aparentemente incapaz de contrarrestar el efecto aterogénico del colesterol en ratas, lo que sugiere una interacción que puede tener implicaciones clínicas en las condiciones cardiometabólicas (AU)

Penetrating abdominal injuries during the Syrian war: Patterns and factors affecting mortality rates.

BACKGROUND: A large number of innocent Syrians were injured or killed during the years of war. This retrospective study investigates the differences in patterns of injury and factors affecting the mortality rate in 324 patients coming to Damascus Hospital with penetrating abdominal trauma, and illustrates the difficulties of diagnosis and decision making in crisis situations. METHODS: A retrospective study was registered from patient's records between October 2012 and June 2013 in Damascus Hospital. All victims were injured either by explosions or gunshots. RESULTS: A total of 325 patients: 183 by explosion; 56.3%, 141 by gunshot; 43.3%, and one patient by other means; 0.3% were reviewed. The study focused on the two large groups with a total of 324 patients. Males were predominant (82.1%; n=266) and the majority of patients were between 19 and 35 years old. Patients suffering from multi abdominal organ injury were more common in gunshot group (n=72, 51.1%) compared to the explosion group (n=83, 45.3%). 264 patients (81.5%) underwent surgical operations and only 22 (8.3%) had normal laparotomy. The inpatient mortality rate was (17.0%; n=55), and there was no difference in mortality rate between the two groups. More than the half of deaths (n=42; 76.4%) had a P.A.T.I score≥25 where the death rate was 35.6% which is higher compared to 6.3% in those with a P.A.T.I<25. In the ICU 33 patients died, of these (87.9%; n=29) died after immediate admission to the ICU which is higher compared with a later admission (12.1%; n=4). The need for massive blood transfusion affected the mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Efforts must be directed toward training of medical staff to deal with crisis incidents. The need for massive blood transfusion and ICU admissions can affects mortality. P.A.T.I was found to be an effective predictor of mortality. Clinical experience in this field can produce better health care and faster judgments.

Leptin and uric acid as predictors of metabolic syndrome in jordanian adults.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a set of interrelated metabolic risk factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Studies regarding the specificity and sensitivity of serum levels of leptin and uric acid as predictors of MetS are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of leptin and uric acid in terms of their specificity and sensitivity as predictors of MetS in the studied Jordanian group. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this cross sectional study, 630 adult subjects (308 men and 322 women) were recruited from the King Hussein Medical Center (Amman, Jordan). The diagnosis of MetS was made according to the 2005 International Diabetes Federation criteria. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the efficacy of serum levels of leptin and uric acid as predictors of MetS in the studied Jordanian group. RESULTS: Study results showed that for identification of subjects with MetS risk, area under the curve (AUC) for leptin was 0.721 and 0.683 in men and women, respectively. Serum uric acid levels in men showed no significant association with any MetS risk factors and no significant AUC, while uric acid AUC was 0.706 in women. CONCLUSION: Serum leptin levels can be useful biomarkers for evaluation of the risk of MetS independent of baseline obesity in both men and women. On the other hand, serum uric acid levels predicted the risk of MetS only in women.

SUITABILITY OF VISCERAL ADIPOSITY INDEX AS A MARKER FOR CARDIOMETABOLIC RISKS IN JORDANIAN ADULTS.

INTRODUCTION: visceral adiposity index (VAI) has recently been proposed as a predictor of cardiometabolic risk, but its usefulness has not been confirmed. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the association between VAI and conventional adiposity and cardiometabolic risk indices and examine VAI risk predictive ability and compare it with other adiposity indices. METHODS: a total of 1 622 Jordanian adults, 686 men and 936 women, aged 20-80 years were included this study. VAI, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR) were examined and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), fasting serum glucose (FSG), systolic (SBP), and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were determined. Associations and age-and gender specific distribution and differences were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used for risk predictive ability comparison. RESULTS: VAI of women (6.82±6.43) was higher than of men (4.15±4.62). VAI severity increased with age in a dose-response trend (p<0.001) in both genders. Women had higher prevalence than men of high risks of VAI and all adiposity and cardiometabolic indices. VAI markedly associated with TG, HDL-C, FSG, SBP and DBP or WHR, WC, WHtR and BMI in respective order of correlation potency for cardiometabolic or adiposity risk indices. In men and women respectively, the largest AUC was for VAI (0.79 vs. 0.77), followed by WHR (0.73 vs. 0.75), WC (0.69 vs. 0.74), WHtR (0.65 vs. 0.71) and BMI (0.53 vs. 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: the findings suggest that VAI potentially associates with cardiometabolic risks and proves to be superior to other adiposity indices in predicting such risk.

Introducción: el índice de adiposidad visceral (VAI) ha sido propuesto recientemente como predictor de riesgo cardiometabólico, pero su utilidad no ha sido confirmada. Objetivos: evaluar la asociación entre VAI y los índices de adiposidad y riesgo cardiometabólico convencionales y examinar la capacidad predictiva del riesgo VAI en comparación con otros índices de adiposidad. Métodos: en este estudio se incluyeron un total de 1.622 adultos de Jordania, 686 hombres y 936 mujeres, de edad entre 20 y 80 años. Fueron examinados el VAI, el índice de masa corporal (BMI), la circunferencia de la cintura (WC), la relación cintura-cadera (WHR) y la relación cintura-estatura (WHtR) y se determinaron el colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL-C), los triglicéridos (TG), la glucosa sérica en ayunas (FSG), y la presión arterial sistólica (SBP) y diastólica (DBP). Se evaluaron las asociaciones, la distribución por edad y género y las diferencias. El receptor de funcionamiento característico (ROC) y el área bajo la curva (AUC) se utilizaron para comparar la capacidad de predicción del riesgo. Resultados: el VAI de las mujeres (6,82 ± 6,43) fue mayor que el de los hombres (4,15 ± 4,62). El VAI severidad aumenta con la edad en una tendencia dosis-respuesta (p < 0,001) en ambos sexos. Las mujeres tuvieron mayor prevalencia que los hombres de alto riesgo de VAI y todos los índices de adiposidad y cardiometabólicos. VAI marcadamente asociado con TG, HDL-C, FSG, SBP y DBP o WHR, WC, WHtR y el BMI en orden respectivo de la potencia de correlación para los índices de riesgo cardiometabólico o adiposidad. En hombres y mujeres, respectivamente, el AUC era más grande para VAI (0,79 vs. 0,77), seguido por WHR (0,73 vs. 0,75), aseo (0,69 vs. 0,74), WHtR (0,65 vs. 0,71) y el BMI (0,53 vs. 0,51). Conclusiones: los hallazgos sugieren que el VAI potencialmente se asocia con riesgos cardiometabólicos y demuestra que es superior a otros índices de adiposidad en la predicción de tales riesgos.

Suitability of visceral adiposity index as a marker for cardiometabolic risks in Jordanian adults / Idoneidad del índice de adiposidad visceral como marcador de riesgo cardiometabólico en adultos jordanos

Introduction: visceral adiposity index (VAI) has recently been proposed as a predictor of cardiometabolic risk, but its usefulness has not been confirmed. Objectives: to evaluate the association between VAI and conventional adiposity and cardiometabolic risk indices and examine VAI risk predictive ability and compare it with other adiposity indices. Methods: a total of 1 622 Jordanian adults, 686 men and 936 women, aged 20-80 years were included this study. VAI, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHtR) were examined and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), fasting serum glucose (FSG), systolic (SBP), and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were determined. Associations and age-and genderspecific distribution and differences were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were used for risk predictive ability comparison. Results: VAI of women (6.82±6.43) was higher than of men (4.15±4.62). VAI severity increased with age in a dose-response trend (p<0.001) in both genders. Women had higher prevalence than men of high risks of VAI and all adiposity and cardiometabolic indices. VAI markedly associated with TG, HDL-C, FSG, SBP and DBP or WHR, WC, WHtR and BMI in respective order of correlation potency for cardiometabolic or adiposity risk indices. In men and women respectively, the largest AUC was for VAI (0.79 vs. 0.77), followed by WHR (0.73 vs. 0.75), WC (0.69 vs. 0.74), WHtR (0.65 vs. 0.71) and BMI (0.53 vs. 0.51). Conclusions: the findings suggest that VAI potentially associates with cardiometabolic risks and proves to be superior to other adiposity indices in predicting such risk (AU)

Introducción: el índice de adiposidad visceral (VAI) ha sido propuesto recientemente como predictor de riesgo cardiometabólico, pero su utilidad no ha sido confirmada. Objetivos: evaluar la asociación entre VAI y los índices de adiposidad y riesgo cardiometabólico convencionales y examinar la capacidad predictiva del riesgo VAI en comparación con otros índices de adiposidad. Métodos: en este estudio se incluyeron un total de 1.622 adultos de Jordania, 686 hombres y 936 mujeres, de edad entre 20 y 80 años. Fueron examinados el VAI, el índice de masa corporal (BMI), la circunferencia de la cintura (WC), la relación cintura-cadera (WHR) y la relación cintura-estatura (WHtR) y se determinaron el colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL-C), los triglicéridos (TG), la glucosa sérica en ayunas (FSG), y la presión arterial sistólica (SBP) y diastólica (DBP). Se evaluaron las asociaciones, la distribución por edad y género y las diferencias. El receptor de funcionamiento característico (ROC) y el área bajo la curva (AUC) se utilizaron para comparar la capacidad de predicción del riesgo. Resultados: el VAI de las mujeres (6,82 ± 6,43) fue mayor que el de los hombres (4,15 ± 4,62). El VAI severidad aumenta con la edad en una tendencia dosis-respuesta (p < 0,001) en ambos sexos. Las mujeres tuvieron mayor prevalencia que los hombres de alto riesgo de VAI y todos los índices de adiposidad y cardiometabólicos. VAI marcadamente asociado con TG, HDL-C, FSG, SBP y DBP o WHR, WC, WHtR y el BMI en orden respectivo de la potencia de correlación para los índices de riesgo cardiometabólico o adiposidad. En hombres y mujeres, respectivamente, el AUC era más grande para VAI (0,79 vs. 0,77), seguido por WHR (0,73 vs. 0,75), aseo (0,69 vs. 0,74), WHtR (0,65 vs. 0,71) y el BMI (0,53 vs. 0,51). Conclusiones: los hallazgos sugieren que el VAI potencialmente se asocia con riesgos cardiometabólicos y demuestra que es superior a otros índices de adiposidad en la predicción de tales riesgos (AU)

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY WHEAT BRAN ON SUCROSE-INDUCED CHANGES OF SERUM GLUCOSE AND LIPIDS IN RATS.

INTRODUCTION: wheat bran has been known for many health benefits, but its glucose- and lipid-lowering activity still remains unresolved. OBJECTIVE: to investigate effects of varying amounts of wheat bran and feeding period on serum glucose and lipids in sucrose-fed rats. METHODS: eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into 4 sucrose-based diets containing either 0, 5, 10 or 20% wheat bran (WB) and given ad libitum to rats for 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks. Serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL) and total lipids (TL) were quantified at end of each feeding period and other biological parameters were assessed. RESULTS: in all feeding periods, food intake showed ascending linear trend (p < 0.05), whereas body weight did not respond to WB. Compared to 0%, 10 or 20% WB induced decrease (p < 0.05) in TC (16 weeks) and HDL-C (12 or 16 weeks), whereas 5, 10 or 20% WB induced similar decrease in PL (4 or 12 weeks), TL (all periods) and glucose (4 or 8 weeks). This glucose- and lipid- lowering effect was substantiated by descending linear responses (p < 0.05) to WB. PL and TL descending responses to WB were seen in all feeding periods. TG exhibited no change with WB, but linearly responded (4 or 8 weeks). Differences in glucose or lipid variables of rats fed WB diets for all feeding periods were less evident. CONCLUSIONS: results suggest that wheat bran reduces serum glucose and lipids mainly phospholipids in sucrose fed rats in an interaction that is likely to have clinical implications in cardiometabolic conditions.

Introducción: son conocidos los muchos beneficios del salvado de trigo para la salud, pero su glucosa y la actividad hipolipemiante aún sigue sin resolverse. Objetivos: investigar los efectos de cantidades variables de salvado de trigo en la alimentación sobre la glucosa en suero y los lípidos en ratas alimentadas con sacarosa. Métodos: se asignaron a ochenta ratas Sprague-Dawley macho cuatro dietas a base de sacarosa que contenían 0, 5, 10 o 20% de salvado de trigo (WB) dadas ad libitum a las ratas durante 4, 8, 12 o 16 semanas. Glucosa sérica, colesterol total (CT), colesterol de baja y alta densidad de lipoproteínas (LDL -C y HDL -C), los triglicéridos (TG), fosfolípidos (PL) y lípidos totales (TL) se cuantificaron al final de cada período de alimentación y otros parámetros biológicos se evaluaron. Resultados: en todos los períodos de alimentación, la ingesta de alimentos mostró una tendencia lineal ascendente (p < 0,05), mientras que el peso corporal no respondió a WB. En comparación con 0%, 10% o 20 inducida WB disminución (p < 0.05) en TC (16 semanas) y HDL-C (12 o 16 semanas), mientras que 5, 10 o 20% WB inducida disminución similar en PL (4 o 12 semanas), TL (todos los períodos) y glucosa (4 u 8 semanas). Este efecto de glucosa y lípidos bajar se justificó descendiendo respuestas lineales (p < 0.05) a WB. PL y TL descendente respuestas a WB se observaron en todos los períodos de alimentación. TG exhibió ningún cambio con WB, pero respondió linealmente (4 u 8 semanas). Las diferencias en la glucosa o lípidos variables de ratas alimentadas con dietas WB para todos los períodos de alimentación fueron menos evidentes. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que el salvado de trigo reduce la glucosa y los lípidos en suero, principalmente fosfolípidos, en ratas alimentadas con sacarosa en una interacción que puede tener implicaciones clínicas en condiciones cardiometabólicas.

The effect of dietary wheat bran on sucrose-induced changes of serum glucose and lipids in rats / El efecto del salvado de trigo en la dieta sobre los cambios inducidos por la sacarosa de glucosa y los lípidos en suero en ratas

Introduction: wheat bran has been known for many health benefits, but its glucose- and lipid-lowering activity still remains unresolved. Objective: to investigate effects of varying amounts of wheat bran and feeding period on serum glucose and lipids in sucrose-fed rats. Methods: eighty male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned into 4 sucrose-based diets containing either 0, 5, 10 or 20% wheat bran (WB) and given ad libitum to rats for 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks. Serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL) and total lipids (TL) were quantified at end of each feeding period and other biological parameters were assessed. Results: in all feeding periods, food intake showed ascending linear trend (p < 0.05), whereas body weight did not respond to WB. Compared to 0%, 10 or 20% WB induced decrease (p < 0.05) in TC (16 weeks) and HDL-C (12 or 16 weeks), whereas 5, 10 or 20% WB induced similar decrease in PL (4 or 12 weeks), TL (all periods) and glucose (4 or 8 weeks). This glucose- and lipid- lowering effect was substantiated by descending linear responses (p < 0.05) to WB. PL and TL descending responses to WB were seen in all feeding periods. TG exhibited no change with WB, but linearly responded (4 or 8 weeks). Differences in glucose or lipid variables of rats fed WB diets for all feeding periods were less evident. Conclusions: results suggest that wheat bran reduces serum glucose and lipids mainly phospholipids in sucrose fed rats in an interaction that is likely to have clinical implications in cardiometabolic conditions (AU)

Introducción: son conocidos los muchos beneficios del salvado de trigo para la salud, pero su glucosa y la actividad hipolipemiante aún sigue sin resolverse. Objetivos: investigar los efectos de cantidades variables de salvado de trigo en la alimentación sobre la glucosa en suero y los lípidos en ratas alimentadas con sacarosa. Métodos: se asignaron a ochenta ratas Sprague-Dawley macho cuatro dietas a base de sacarosa que contenían 0, 5, 10 o 20% de salvado de trigo (WB) dadas ad libitum a las ratas durante 4, 8, 12 o 16 semanas. Glucosa sérica, colesterol total (CT), colesterol de baja y alta densidad de lipoproteínas (LDL -C y HDL -C), los triglicéridos (TG), fosfolípidos (PL) y lípidos totales (TL) se cuantificaron al final de cada período de alimentación y otros parámetros biológicos se evaluaron. Resultados: en todos los períodos de alimentación, la ingesta de alimentos mostró una tendencia lineal ascendente (p < 0,05), mientras que el peso corporal no respondió a WB. En comparación con 0%, 10% o 20 inducida WB disminución (p < 0.05) en TC (16 semanas) y HDL-C (12 o 16 semanas), mientras que 5, 10 o 20% WB inducida disminución similar en PL (4 o 12 semanas), TL (todos los períodos) y glucosa (4 u 8 semanas). Este efecto de glucosa y lípidos bajar se justificó descendiendo respuestas lineales (p < 0.05) a WB. PL y TL descendente respuestas a WB se observaron en todos los períodos de alimentación. TG exhibió ningún cambio con WB, pero respondió linealmente (4 u 8 semanas). Las diferencias en la glucosa o lípidos variables de ratas alimentadas con dietas WB para todos los períodos de alimentación fueron menos evidentes. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que el salvado de trigo reduce la glucosa y los lípidos en suero, principalmente fosfolípidos, en ratas alimentadas con sacarosa en una interacción que puede tener implicaciones clínicas en condiciones cardiometabólicas (AU)

EVALUATION OF SEVERAL ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES OF OBESITY AS PREDICTORS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN JORDANIAN ADULTS.

INTRODUCTION: anthropometric indices have all been tested for their relation to metabolic syndrome (MetS), but with no consistent cut-off points are yet established among different population group. OBJECTIVE: this study aims to evaluate the predictive power of several anthropometric indices of central obesity as predictors of MetS in a group of Jordanian adults. METHODS: in this cross sectional study, 630 adult subjects (308 men and 322 women) aged between 20-70 years were recruited at the King Hussein Medical Center in Amman (Jordan). The diagnosis of MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference [WC]; waist to hip ratio [WHpR]; waist to height ratio [WHtR]; body mass index [BMI]) were performed and recorded following standard procedures. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the efficacy of anthropometric measurements as predictors of MetS. RESULTS: the results indicated that, in men for identifying subjects with MetS risk, area under curve (AUC) from the ROC curves for WC was 0.851, AUC for WHpR was 0.842, AUC for WHtR was 0.85, and AUC for BMI was 0.83. In women, AUC for WC, WHpR, WHtR, and BMI were 0.866, 0.871, 0.872, and 0.831, respectively. CONCLUSION: it could be concluded that among anthropometric indices, both WHtR and WC had the strongest predictive power for identifying subjects with MetS in men and women. WHtR appears to be the best indicator of central obesity in women and individuals of short stature.

Introducción: han sido probados diversos índices antropométricos por su relación con el síndrome metabólico (SM), pero sin establecer puntos de corte entre diferentes grupos de población. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el poder predictivo de varios índices antropométricos de obesidad central como predictores del síndrome metabólico en un grupo de adultos jordanos. Métodos: en este estudio transversal, 630 sujetos adultos (308 hombres y 322 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 20 a 70 años fueron reclutados en el Centro Médico Rey Hussein en Amman (Jordania). El diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico fue definido por los criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes. Las medidas antropométricas (circunferencia de la cintura [WC]; relación cintura-cadera [WHpR]; relación cintura-altura [RCEst]; índice de masa corporal [IMC]) se realizaron y registraron siguiendo los procedimientos estándar. Se utilizaron curvas características del receptor (ROC) para determinar la eficacia de las medidas antropométricas como predictores de SM. Resultados: los resultados indican que, en los hombres, para identificar a los sujetos con riesgo de SM el área bajo la curva (AUC) de la curva ROC para WC era 0.851, AUC para WHpR era 0,842, AUC para RCEst fue de 0,85 y el AUC del IMC fue de 0,83. En las mujeres, el AUC para WC, WHpR, RCEst y el IMC fueron: 0,866, 0,871, 0,872 y 0,831, respectivamente. Conclusión: se puede concluir que entre los índices antropométricos, tanto RCEst como WC tenían el poder predictivo más fuerte para identificar a los sujetos con síndrome metabólico en hombres y mujeres. RCEst parece ser el mejor indicador de la obesidad central en mujeres y personas de baja estatura.

Evaluation of several anthropometric indices of obesity as predictors of metabolic syndrome in Jordanian adults / Evaluación de varios índices antropométricos de la obesidad como predictores del síndrome metabólico en adultos de Jordania

Introduction: anthropometric indices have all been tested for their relation to metabolic syndrome (MetS), but with no consistent cut-off points are yet established among different population group. Objective: this study aims to evaluate the predictive power of several anthropometric indices of central obesity as predictors of MetS in a group of Jordanian adults. Methods: in this cross sectional study, 630 adult subjects (308 men and 322 women) aged between 20-70 years were recruited at the King Hussein Medical Center in Amman (Jordan). The diagnosis of MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Anthropometric measurements (waist circumference [WC]; waist to hip ratio [WHpR]; waist to height ratio [WHtR]; body mass index [BMI]) were performed and recorded following standard procedures. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the efficacy of anthropometric measurements as predictors of MetS. Results: the results indicated that, in men for identifying subjects with MetS risk, area under curve (AUC) from the ROC curves for WC was 0.851, AUC for WHpR was 0.842, AUC for WHtR was 0.85, and AUC for BMI was 0.83. In women, AUC for WC, WHpR, WHtR, and BMI were 0.866, 0.871, 0.872, and 0.831, respectively. Conclusion: it could be concluded that among anthropometric indices, both WHtR and WC had the strongest predictive power for identifying subjects with MetS in men and women. WHtR appears to be the best indicator of central obesity in women and individuals of short stature (AU)

Introducción: han sido probados diversos índices antropométricos por su relación con el síndrome metabó- lico (SM), pero sin establecer puntos de corte entre diferentes grupos de población. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el poder predictivo de varios índices antropométricos de obesidad central como predictores del síndrome metabólico en un grupo de adultos jordanos. Métodos: en este estudio transversal, 630 sujetos adultos (308 hombres y 322 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 20 a 70 años fueron reclutados en el Centro Médico Rey Hussein en Amman (Jordania). El diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico fue definido por los criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes. Las medidas antropométricas (circunferencia de la cintura [WC]; relación cintura-cadera [WHpR]; relación cintura-altura [RCEst]; índice de masa corporal [IMC]) se realizaron y registraron siguiendo los procedimientos estándar. Se utilizaron curvas características del receptor (ROC) para determinar la eficacia de las medidas antropométricas como predictores de SM. Resultados: los resultados indican que, en los hombres, para identificar a los sujetos con riesgo de SM el área bajo la curva (AUC) de la curva ROC para WC era 0.851, AUC para WHpR era 0,842, AUC para RCEst fue de 0,85 y el AUC del IMC fue de 0,83. En las mujeres, el AUC para WC, WHpR, RCEst y el IMC fueron: 0,866, 0,871, 0,872 y 0,831, respectivamente. Conclusión: se puede concluir que entre los índices antropométricos, tanto RCEst como WC tenían el poder predictivo más fuerte para identificar a los sujetos con síndrome metabólico en hombres y mujeres. RCEst parece ser el mejor indicador de la obesidad central en mujeres y personas de baja estatura (AU)

Alarming high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Jordanian adults.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and the individual components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Jordanian adults. METHODS: In this cross sectional study, 630 adult subjects (308 men and 322 women) aged between 20-70 years were recruited from the clinics at the King Hussein Medical Center. The diagnosis of MetS was made according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria-2005. Blood samples were collected after 10-12 hours overnight fasting and serum was obtained for biochemical analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to IDF criteria was 51% (46.4% in men and 55.3% in women). Prevalence of increased waist circumference in the total sample was 71.6%, 46% for high blood pressure, 42.4% for elevated fasting blood glucose, 43.5% for low high density lipoprotein, and 50.2% for hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSION: The prevalence and individual components of MetS in Jordan were high. Screening of MetS is needed at national level to reduce the incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

References of anthropometric indices of central obesity and metabolic syndrome in Jordanian men and women.

AIMS: To set references and evaluate the associations between the predictive powers of the anthropometric indices of obesity, particularly central obesity, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHpR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR), and the risk factor accumulations of ≥ 2 of the components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in a group of Jordanian men and women. METHODS: Five hundreds subjects were randomly selected from among the visitors attending several family clinics in Amman. Obesity was assessed using BMI, WC, WHpR and WHtR anthropometric indices. MS risk factors as defined by the International Diabetes Federation were determined. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine the predictive powers and the cut off points of each index associated with increased MS risk. RESULTS: There were 212 men and 288 women with age ranged 20-85 years. Optimal cut off points of BMI, WC, WHpR for MS diagnosis in men were 28.4 kg/m(2), 97.8 cm and 0.89, respectively. In women, these were 30.3 kg/m(2), 95.6 cm and 0.84, respectively. WHtR was 0.61 in both genders. Area under the curve (AUC) of ROC analysis for identifying of MS (≥ 2 risk factors) was the highest for WHpR (AUC=0.71), followed by WHtR (AUC=0.67), WC (AUC=0.64) and BMI (AUC=0.59) in men; whereas in women WHpR, WHtR and WC were almost equal (AUC=0.76, 0.75 and 0.74, respectively), followed by BMI (AUC=0.67). Correlation coefficients (r) between WHpR and MS risk factors were the strongest among the other obesity indices, followed by WC and WHtR. WHpR correlated significantly with FBG (r=0.27, p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (r=0.20, p<0.01), TGs (r=0.24, p<0.01) and HDL-C (r=-0.39, p<0.01). The respective r-values between WC and WHtR and each MS risk factors were: FBG (r=0.15, p<0.001 or r=0.13, p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (r=0.16, p<0.01 or r=0.11, p<0.05), TGs (r=0.20, p<0.01 or r=0.14, p<0.01) and HDL-C (r=-0.25, p<0.01 or r=-0.11, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: This study showed that BMI tended to be the weakest index for identifying MS risk factors in both sexes. WHpR exhibited the best predictive index for MS, particularly in men. Almost similar predictive powers of WHtR, WHpR and WC for identifying MS risk factors were seen in women. WHtR had the highest sensitivity for MS diagnosis among obesity indices in men and its boundary value was the same for both men and women. These cut off values of obesity particularly waist circumference should be advocated and used in Arab Jordanians until larger cross sectional studies shows different results.

Effect of Dehulling and Cooking of Lentils (Lens Culinaris, L.)on Serum Glucose and Lipoprotein Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lentils on serum glucose and serum lipid levels in diabetic rats. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, 12 weeks of age weighing 220-290g, were used. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin at a level of 35 mg/kg intra-peritoneally. The animals were randomly divided into five groups, eight animals each: a casein diet (control), raw whole lentil (RWL), cooked whole lentil (CWL), raw dehulled lentil (RDL) and cooked dehulled lentil (CDL). Animals were fed with experimental diets for six weeks, sacrificed and blood samples were taken. Serum glucose level of the CDL group (387.9 ± 53.3 mg/dl) was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control, RDL and RWL groups (529.0 ± 11.7, 538.6 ± 45.0, 542.1 ± 32.2 mg/dl respectively). In addition, HDL concentration of CWL group (66.3 ± 1.9 mg/dl) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the control, RWL and RDL groups (54.9 ± 3.5, 50.8 ± 4.2, 54.0 ± 3.4 mg/dl respectively). However, there was no significant difference in serum glucose and serum HDL between the CDL and CWL groups. No significant differences (p>0.05) were detected in triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol among the experimental groups. It is concluded that cooked lentils rather than raw lentils was more effective in lowering blood glucose and improving HDL cholesterol in diabetic rats. There was no difference between whole and dehulled lentils with regard to effects on blood glucose and HDL cholesterol levels.