Arrested Dynamics of Droplet Spreading on Ice.

We investigate the arrested spreading of room temperature droplets impacting flat ice. The use of an icy substrate eliminates the nucleation energy barrier, such that a freeze front can initiate as soon as the droplet's temperature cools down to 0 °C. We employ scaling analysis to rationalize distinct regimes of arrested hydrodynamics. For gently deposited droplets, capillary-inertial spreading is halted at the onset of contact line freezing, yielding a 1/7 scaling law for the arrested diameter. At low impact velocities (We≲100), inertial effects result in a 1/2 scaling law. At higher impact velocities (We>100), inertio-viscous spreading can spill over the frozen base of the droplet until its velocity matches that of a kinetic freeze front caused by local undercooling, resulting in a 1/5 scaling law.

Development of a Translational Model to Assess the Impact of Opioid Overdose and Naloxone Dosing on Respiratory Depression and Cardiac Arrest.

In response to a surge of deaths from synthetic opioid overdoses, there have been increased efforts to distribute naloxone products in community settings. Prior research has assessed the effectiveness of naloxone in the hospital setting; however, it is challenging to assess naloxone dosing regimens in the community/first-responder setting, including reversal of respiratory depression effects of fentanyl and its derivatives (fentanyls). Here, we describe the development and validation of a mechanistic model that combines opioid mu receptor binding kinetics, opioid agonist and antagonist pharmacokinetics, and human respiratory and circulatory physiology, to evaluate naloxone dosing to reverse respiratory depression. Validation supports our model, which can quantitatively predict displacement of opioids by naloxone from opioid mu receptors in vitro, hypoxia-induced cardiac arrest in vivo, and opioid-induced respiratory depression in humans from different fentanyls. After validation, overdose simulations were performed with fentanyl and carfentanil followed by administration of different intramuscular naloxone products. Carfentanil induced more cardiac arrest events and was more difficult to reverse than fentanyl. Opioid receptor binding data indicated that carfentanil has substantially slower dissociation kinetics from the opioid receptor compared with nine other fentanyls tested, which likely contributes to the difficulty in reversing carfentanil. Administration of the same dose of naloxone intramuscularly from two different naloxone products with different formulations resulted in differences in the number of virtual patients experiencing cardiac arrest. This work provides a robust framework to evaluate dosing regimens of opioid receptor antagonists to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression, including those caused by newly emerging synthetic opioids.

Using Frost to Promote Cassie Ice on Hydrophilic Pillars.

We develop a novel approach to suspend ice in the air-trapping Cassie state without requiring any fragile hydrophobic coatings or nanostructures. First, frost was preferentially grown on the tops of hydrophilic aluminum pillars due to their sharp corners and elevation over the noncondensable gas barrier. Subsequently, Cassie ice was formed by virtue of the impacting droplets getting arrested by the upper frost tips. A scaling model reveals that the dynamic pressure of an impacting droplet causes the water to wick inside the porous frost faster than the timescale to impale between the pillars.

How Multilayered Feathers Enhance Underwater Superhydrophobicity.

Inspired by ducks, we demonstrate that air pockets within stacked layers of porous superhydrophobic feathers can withstand up to five times more water pressure compared to a single feather. In addition to natural duck feathers, this "layer effect" was replicated with synthetic feathers created by laser cutting micrometric slots into aluminum foil and imparting a superhydrophobic nanostructure. It was revealed that adding layers promotes an increasingly redundant pathway for water impalement, which serves to pressurize the enclosed air pockets. This was validated by creating a probabilistic pore impalement model and also by filling the feathers with an incompressible oil, rather than air, to suppress the layer effect. In addition to revealing a utility of natural duck feathers, our findings suggest that multilayered engineered surfaces can maintain air pockets at high pressures, useful for reducing the drag and fouling of marine structures or enhancing desalination membranes.

Electrostatic Jumping of Frost.

The electrification of ice has been a subject of research since 1940, mostly in the context of charge generation in thunderstorms. This generation of electric charge is spontaneous, distinct from applying an external electric field to affect the diffusive growth of ice crystals. Here, we exploit the spontaneous electrification of ice to reveal a surprising phenomenon of jumping frost dendrites. We use side-view high-speed imaging to experimentally observe frost dendrites breaking off from mother dendrites and/or the substrate to jump out-of-plane toward an opposing polar liquid. Analytical and numerical models are then developed to estimate the attractive force between the frost dendrites and liquid, in good agreement with the experimental results. These models estimate the extent of charge separation within a growing sheet of frost, which is caused by mismatches in the mobilities of the charge carriers in ice. Our findings show that the unexpected jumping frost event can serve as a model system for resolving long-standing questions in atmospheric physics regarding charge separation in ice, while also having potential as a deicing construct.

Suppressing Condensation Frosting Using an Out-of-Plane Dry Zone.

The vapor pressure above ice is lower than that above supercooled water at the same temperature. This inherent hygroscopic quality of ice has recently been exploited to suppress frost growth by patterning microscopic ice stripes along a surface. These vapor-attracting ice stripes prevented condensation frosting from occurring in the intermediate regions; however, the required presence of the sacrificial ice stripes made it impossible to achieve the ideal case of a completely dry surface. Here, we decouple the sacrificial ice from the antifrosting surface by holding an uncoated aluminum surface in parallel with a prefrosted surface. By replacing the overlapping in-plane dry zones with a uniform out-of-plane dry zone, we show that even an uncoated aluminum surface can stay almost completely dry in chilled and supersaturated conditions. Using a blend of experiments and numerical simulations, we show that the critical separation required to keep the surface dry is a function of the ambient supersaturation.

How ice bridges the gap.

When supercooled dew droplets form on a chilled surface, the subsequent freezing process is driven by a fascinating phenomenon of propagating inter-droplet ice bridges. Here, we explore the range of conditions under which an individual ice dendrite can successfully bridge the gap from a frozen droplet to its nearest liquid neighbor. Ranging the droplet sizes from 1 µm-10 mm, we find that the criterion for ice bridging is purely geometric and independent of temperature, ambient humidity, and surface wettability. We model the growth of individual ice bridges as well as the global speed of percolating fronts sweeping across large droplet populations. We also give a dynamical law for dry zone formation when ice fails to bridge the gap.

'Sneezing' plants: pathogen transport via jumping-droplet condensation.

We show that condensation growing on wheat leaves infected with the leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina, is capable of spontaneously launching urediniospores off the plant. This surprising liberation mechanism is enabled by the superhydrophobicity of wheat leaves, which promotes a jumping-droplet mode of condensation powered by the surface energy released from coalescence events. We found that urediniospores often adhere to the self-propelled condensate, resulting in liberation rates of approximately 10 cm-2 h-1 for leaves infected with rust. Urediniospores were catapulted up to 5 mm from the leaf's surface, a distance sufficient to clear the laminar boundary layer for subsequent dispersal even in gentle winds.

How soap bubbles freeze.

Droplets or puddles tend to freeze from the propagation of a single freeze front. In contrast, videographers have shown that as soap bubbles freeze, a plethora of growing ice crystals can swirl around in a beautiful effect visually reminiscent of a snow globe. However, the underlying physics of how bubbles freeze has not been studied. Here, we characterize the physics of soap bubbles freezing on an icy substrate and reveal two distinct modes of freezing. The first mode, occurring for isothermally supercooled bubbles, generates a strong Marangoni flow that entrains ice crystals to produce the aforementioned snow globe effect. The second mode occurs when using a cold stage in a warm ambient, resulting in a bottom-up freeze front that eventually halts due to poor conduction along the bubble. Blending experiments, scaling analysis, and numerical methods, the dynamics of the freeze fronts and Marangoni flows are characterized.

Passive Antifrosting Surfaces Using Microscopic Ice Patterns.

Despite exceptional recent advances in tailoring the wettability of surfaces, to date, no engineered surface can passively suppress the in-plane growth of frost that invariably occurs in humid, subfreezing environments. Here, we show that up to 90% of a surface can exhibit passive antifrosting by using chemical or physical wettability patterns to template "ice stripes" across the surface. As ice exhibits a depressed vapor pressure relative to liquid water, these sacrificial ice stripes siphon the supersaturated water vapor to keep the intermediate surface areas dry from dew and frost. Further, we show that when these sacrificial ice stripes are elevated atop microfins, they diffusively coarsen in a suspended state above the surface. The suspended state of the coarsening ice results in a diffusive growth rate an order of magnitude slower than frost coarsening directly on a solid substrate and should also minimize its adhesive strength to the surface.

Tuning Superhydrophobic Nanostructures To Enhance Jumping-Droplet Condensation.

It was recently discovered that condensation growing on a nanostructured superhydrophobic surface can spontaneously jump off the surface, triggered by naturally occurring coalescence events. Many reports have observed that droplets must grow to a size of order 10 µm before jumping is enabled upon coalescence; however, it remains unknown how the critical jumping size relates to the topography of the underlying nanostructure. Here, we characterize the dynamic behavior of condensation growing on six different superhydrophobic nanostructures, where the topography of the nanopillars was systematically varied. The critical jumping diameter was observed to be highly dependent upon the height, diameter, and pitch of the nanopillars: tall and slender nanopillars promoted 2 µm jumping droplets, whereas short and stout nanopillars increased the critical size to over 20 µm. The topology of each surface is successfully correlated to the critical jumping diameter by constructing an energetic model that predicts how large a nucleating embryo needs to grow before it can inflate into the air with an apparent contact angle large enough for jumping. By extending our model to consider any possible surface, it is revealed that properly designed nanostructures should enable nanometric jumping droplets, which would further enhance jumping-droplet condensers for heat transfer, antifogging, and antifrosting applications.