A transcriptome study of p53-pathway related prognostic gene signature set in bladder cancer.

p53 pathway is important in tumorigenesis. However, no study has been performed to specifically investigate the role of p53 pathway genes in bladder cancer (BLCA). In this study, transcriptomics data of muscle invasive bladder cancer patients (n = 411) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were investigated. Using the hallmark p53 pathway gene set, the Non-Negative Matrix factorization (NMF) analysis identified two subtypes (C1 and C2). Clinical, survival, and immunological analysis were done to validate distinct characteristics of the subtypes. Pathway enrichment analysis showed the subtype C1 with poor prognosis having enrichment in genes of the immunity related pathways, where C2 subtype with better prognosis being enriched in genes of the steroid synthesis and drug metabolism pathways. A signature gene set consisting of MDGA2, GNLY, GGT2, UGT2B4, DLX1, and DSC1 was created followed by a risk model. Their expressions were analyzed in RNA extracted from the blood and matched tumor tissues of BLCA patients (n = 10). DSC1 had significant difference of expression (p = 0.005) between the blood and tumor tissues in our BLCA samples. Contrary to the usual normal bladder tissue to blood ratio, DLX1 expression was lower (p = 0.02734) in tumor tissues than in blood. Being the first research of p53 pathway related signature gene set in bladder cancer, this study potentially has a substantial impact on the development of biomarkers for BLCA.

Maternal and neonatal complications following Kielland's rotational forceps delivery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is conflicting evidence regarding the safety of Kielland's rotational forceps delivery (KRFD) in comparison with other modes of delivery for the management of persistent fetal malposition in the second stage of labour. OBJECTIVES: To derive estimates of risks of maternal and neonatal complications following KRFD, compared with rotational ventouse delivery (RVD), non-rotational forceps delivery (NRFD) or a second-stage caesarean section (CS), from a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. SEARCH STRATEGY: Standard search methodology, as recommended by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. SELECTION CRITERIA: Case series, prospective or retrospective cohort studies and population-based studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: A meta-analysis using a random-effects model was used to derive weighted pooled estimates of maternal and neonatal complications. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included. For postpartum haemorrhage there was no significant difference between Kielland's and ventouse delivery; the rate was lower in Kielland's delivery compared with non-rotational forceps (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.95) and second-stage CS (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.36-0.58). There were no differences in the rates of anal sphincter injuries or admission to neonatal intensive care. Rates of shoulder dystocia were higher with Kielland's delivery compared with ventouse delivery (RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.08-2.98), but rates of neonatal birth trauma were lower (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.26-0.91). There were no differences seen in the rates of 5-min APGAR score < 7 between Kielland's delivery and other instrumental births, but they were lower when compared with second-stage CS (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Kielland's rotational forceps delivery is a safe option for the management of fetal malposition in the second stage of labour.

Kielland's rotational forceps delivery: comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes with pregnancies delivering by non-rotational forceps.

We compared complications in pregnancies that had Kielland's rotational forceps delivery (KRFD) with non-rotational forceps delivery (NRFD). Maternal outcomes included post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS); neonatal outcomes included admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), 5-minute Apgar scores <7, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), jaundice, shoulder dystocia and birth trauma. The study population included 491 (2.1%) requiring KRFD, 1,257 (5.3%) requiring NRFD and 22,111 (93.0%) that had SVD. In pregnancies with NRFD compared to KRFD, there was higher incidence of OASIS (8.5% vs. 4.7%; p = .006) and a non-significant increased trend for PPH (15.0% vs. 12.4%; p = .173). There was no significant difference in rates of admission to NICU (p = .628), 5-minute Apgar score <7 (p = .375), HIE (p = .532), jaundice (p = .809), severe shoulder dystocia (p = .507) or birth trauma (p = .514). Our study demonstrates that KRFD has lower rates of maternal complications compared to NRFD whilst the rates of neonatal complications are similar.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Kielland's rotational forceps is used for achieving vaginal delivery in pregnancies with failure to progress in second stage of labour secondary to fetal malposition. The use of Kielland's forceps has significantly declined in the last few decades due to concerns about an increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications, despite the absence of any major studies demonstrating this increased risk.What do the results of this study add? There are some studies which compare the risks in pregnancies delivering by Kiellands forceps with rotational ventouse deliveries but there is limited evidence comparing the risks of rotational with non-rotational forceps deliveries. Our study compares the major maternal and neonatal complications in a large cohort of pregnancies undergoing rotational vs. non-rotational forceps deliveries.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The results of our study demonstrate that maternal and neonatal complications in pregnancies delivering by Kielland's rotational forceps undertaken by appropriately trained obstetricians are either lower or similar to those delivering by non-rotational forceps. Consideration should be given to ensure that there is appropriate training provided to obstetricians to acquire skills in using Kielland's forceps.

Kielland's rotational forceps delivery: A comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes with rotational ventouse or second stage caesarean section deliveries.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to derive accurate estimates of risks of maternal and neonatal complications associated with Kielland's rotational forceps delivery (KRFD) compared to rotational ventouse delivery (RVD) or 2nd stage caesarean section (CS). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study undertaken at a large tertiary maternity and neonatal unit in the United Kingdom between January 2010 and June 2018. Pregnancies with fetal demise, major fetal defects, those lost to follow-up, those delivering by elective or emergency CS in the first stage of labour and non-rotational instrumental deliveries were excluded. The study population included singleton pregnancies delivering by Kielland's forceps, rotational ventouse, 2nd stage CS or spontaneous unassisted cephalic vaginal delivery; the latter forming the control group. The maternal outcomes examined included post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS). The neonatal outcomes included admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), 5-minute Apgar scores <7, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), jaundice, shoulder dystocia and birth trauma. Absolute risks with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in the study groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95 % CI. RESULTS: The study population of 23,786 pregnancies included: 491 (2.1 %) requiring KRFD, 344 (1.4 %) requiring RVD, 840 (3.5 %) that had a 2nd stage CS and 22,111 (93.0 %) spontaneous cephalic vaginal deliveries. With regard to maternal adverse outcomes, in pregnancies that had a KRFD compared to RVD, there was no significant difference in the incidence of OASIS (p = 0.599) or PPH (p = 0.982). In contrast, the risk of PPH was significantly higher in those delivering by a 2nd stage CS compared to KRFD (27.5 % vs. 12.4 %; p < 0.0001). With regard to neonatal adverse outcomes, in those delivering by KRFD compared to RVD and 2nd stage CS, there was no significant difference in the incidence of admission to NICU (p = 0.912; p = 0.746, respectively), 5-minute Apgar score<7 (p = 0.335; p = 0.150, respectively), jaundice (p = 0.810; p = 0.332, respectively), mild shoulder dystocia (p = 0.077), severe shoulder dystocia (p = 0.603) or birth trauma (p = 0.265; p = 0.323, respectively). The risk of maternal composite adverse outcome was highest after 2nd stage CS (OR 7.68; 95 %CI: 6.52-9.04) and lowest after KRFD (OR 3.82; 95 %CI: 2.98-4.91). The risk of composite neonatal adverse outcome was higher in those delivering by RVD (OR 2.87; 95 %CI: 2.10-3.91), compared to KRFD (OR 2.23; 95 %CI: 1.67-2.97) or 2nd stage CS (OR 2.02; 95 %CI: 1.60-2.54). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that KRFD is a safer management option when compared to RVD or 2nd stage CS for the management of persistent fetal malposition in labour.

Written consent for laparoscopic tubal occlusion and medico-legal implications.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the completeness of written consent for laparoscopic tubal occlusion and to consider the medico-legal implications of incomplete written consent. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of the medical records of all women who had laparoscopic tubal occlusion in 2006 in a district general hospital to elicit details of risks of the procedure as recorded on the consent form. The extent of documentation of risks and complications that were cited in the guidelines was analysed. In addition, the grade of doctor and the timing of obtaining written consent were studied. RESULTS: A total of 267 women underwent laparoscopic tubal occlusion and 214 (80.1%) case notes were reviewed in the present study. The findings demonstrate wide variation in the description of risks by doctors of different grades. The majority of written consents (65.9%) were obtained on the day of surgery. In most cases (75.2%) trainees were responsible for obtaining written consent. CONCLUSION: Although the written consent form is a legally effective document, the process of documentation is inconsistent and this may leave the senior gynaecologist in a vulnerable position.

Vacuum extraction: is there any need to improve the current training in the UK?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the use and efficacy of delivery by vacuum extraction or ventouse in routine clinical practice and to assess some aspects of the procedure that may reflect the quality of training in this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women's demographic profiles and delivery details were collected in both the prospective (B) and retrospective (A) arm of the study. In addition, in the prospective arm of the study two custom-designed forms were used: the obstetrician recorded their perception of where the vacuum cup had been placed on one form while on a second form the pediatrician indicated the actual site of the cup placement as observed from the position of the chignon. All the diagrams of cup placement were reviewed by one of the authors, who was blinded to the outcome of the procedure. RESULTS: The vacuum extractor was the first instrument to be used in 79% and 87% of the instrumental deliveries in groups A and B, respectively, with corresponding failure rates of 20% and 21%. Although an occipito-posterior position was diagnosed in 11% of cases of group A and 14% of cases of group B, the specifically designed occipito-posterior cup was not used at all. The vacuum cup was considered to have been applied suboptimally in 40% of the cases where attempted vacuum delivery failed. CONCLUSION: The high rate of inappropriate positioning of the cup may reflect difficulty in accurately applying the cup, perhaps due to caput or malposition, but may also represent poor assessment of the orientation and position of the fetal skull and therefore be indicative of a need for improvement in training methods.