Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Isolated from Human, Animal and Environment Samples in South Asia: A 10-Year Meta-analysis.

Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic bacterium, and the antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella are a worldwide health concern. Herein, we employed a meta-analysis to determine the pooled prevalence of Salmonella and its antimicrobial resistance status in human, animal, and environmental isolates in South Asia. To this end, we followed the standard guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements for searching literature in three databases namely PubMed, Google Scholar, and CAB abstracts, and a total of 100 eligible datasets were finally included which were published from January 2010 to June 2021. In the pooled prevalence of Salmonella in South Asia, the random model effect was 14.47% (95% CI: 10.17-20.19) with a high degree of heterogeneity (I2, 99.8%) and overall antimicrobial resistance was 70% (95% CI: 63.0-76.0) with a heterogeneity of 23.6%. The temporal distribution of the overall antimicrobial resistance (%) against Salmonella was increased from 53 to 77% within 10 years. Out of 18 distinct Salmonella serotypes, S. enterica was highly prevalent (14.22%, 95% CI: 4.02-39.64) followed by S. pullorum (13.50%, 95% CI: 5.64-29.93) with antimicrobial resistance (%) were 86.26 and 90.06, respectively. Noteworthy, nalidixic acid (74.25%) and tetracycline (37.64%) were found mostly resistant to Salmonella whereas ceftriaxone (1.07%) and cefixime (1.24%) were sensitive. This systematic review demonstrated that overall antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella are increasing over time in South Asia. Thus, adequate hygienic practices, proper use of antimicrobials, and implementation of antibiotic stewardship are imperative for halting the Salmonella spread and its antimicrobial resistance.

Successful management of a kitten with chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin toxicosis with pralidoxime and atropine.

CASE SUMMARY: Organophosphates and pyrethroids have been widely used as agricultural and domestic insecticides. This case report describes a 3-month-old free-roaming female kitten, weighing 930 g, that developed hypersalivation, hypothermia, dyspnoea due to increased bronchial secretion, bradycardia, miosis and neurological signs, including restlessness, ataxia, disorientation, apparent hallucination, muscle twitching and seizures within 6 h of accidental ingestion of an insecticide containing chlorpyrifos (500 g/l) and cypermethrin (50 g/l). The kitten was treated empirically with intramuscular atropine and dexamethasone, and rectal diazepam. The history of insecticide exposure was obtained after 6 h of treatment and intramuscular 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride (pralidoxime [2-PAM]) and atropine therapy was started 2 h later. Recovery was complicated by suspected aspiration, but there were no sequelae from the insecticide exposure and by 7 days post-ingestion the kitten was normal and playful. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful management of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin toxicosis in a cat in Bangladesh. This case report suggests that 2-PAM followed by atropine and other supportive therapy may be an effective strategy to manage a cat poisoned by chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin; however, expanded clinical trials are needed.

Prevalence and severity of gastro-intestinal parasites in buffalo calves at Sylhet division of Bangladesh.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are one of the most widely recognized health problems of buffalo calves in Bangladesh. The study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of GI parasitic infestation in buffalo calves at Sylhet division of Bangladesh. Fecal samples of 200 buffalo calves under 1 year of age (76 males and 124 females) were collected from Sylhet, Maulvibazar, Habiganj, and Sunamganj districts, and from each of the four regions, 50 samples were collected. Samples were examined through simple flotation, sedimentation, and McMaster techniques. The overall prevalence of GI parasites in Sylhet division was 65.5%. Among the samples, the highest prevalence of GI parasite was found in Sylhet (78%), followed by Sunamganj (68%), Maulvibazar (66%), and Habiganj (50%) districts. Among the identified GI parasites, the highest prevalence was observed in case of Neoascaris vitulorum (26.5%). The highest prevalence of GI parasite was observed in summer (69.84%), followed by rainy (69.62%) and winter (55.17%) seasons. Males and females were almost equally susceptible to GI parasitic infestation. Older calves (9-12 months, 77.14%) were most vulnerable to GI parasites. Egg per gram (EPG) of feces was additionally counted in the current study to know the severity of infestation. The range of EPG varied from 50 to 900 among the identified parasites. Among them, the highest count was found in the case of Neoascaris vitulorum (100-900). It may be concluded that aggregated policies and actions need to be taken to control the GI parasitic infestation in buffalo calves at Sylhet Division and elsewhere in developing countries like Bangladesh.