A comparative study of the policy response to COVID-19 in the ASEAN region: A dynamic simulated ARDL approach.

The COVID-19 epidemic is the most significant global health disaster of this century and the greatest challenge to humanity since World War II. One of the most important research issues is to determine the effectiveness of measures implemented worldwide to control the spread of the corona virus. A dynamic simulated Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was adopted to analyze the policy response to COVID-19 in the ASEAN region using data from February 1, 2020, to November 8, 2021. The results of unit root concluded that the dependent variable is integrated of order one while the independent variables are stationarized at the level or first difference, and the use of a dynamic simulated ARDL technique is appropriate for this paper. The outcomes of the dynamic simulated ARDL model explored that government economic support and debt/contract relief for poor families is substantially important in the fight against COVID-19. The study also explored that closing schools and workplaces, restrictions on gatherings, cancellation of public events, stay at home, closing public transport, restrictions on domestic and international travel are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Finally, this study explored that public awareness campaigns, testing policy and social distancing significantly decrease the spread of COVID-19. Policy implications such as economic support from the government to help poor families, closing schools and public gatherings during the pandemic, public awareness among the masses, and testing policies must be adopted to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Moreover, the reduction in mortality shows that immunization could be a possible new strategy to combat COVID-19, but the factors responsible for the acceptability of the vaccine must be addressed immediately through public health policies.

Oropharyngeal microbiome of an HIV-positive patient.

Studies on understanding the human microbiome continue to grow rapidly; nonetheless, reports on alterations in the microbiome post HIV infection are limited. Human microbiome is an aggregate of bacteria, fungi, viruses and archaea that have co-evolved with humans. These microbes have important roles in immune modulation, vitamin synthesis, metabolism etc. The human pharyngeal microbiome, which resides in the junction between digestive and respiratory tracts, might have a key role in the prevention of respiratory tract infections, akin to the actions of the intestinal microbiome against enteric infections. The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to various environmental and endogenous microbes; however, unlike other similar mucosal surfaces, there has been limited investigation of the microbiome of the respiratory tract. HIV infection is associated with alterations in the respiratory microbiome. The aim of this study was to use next-generation sequencing to determine the composition of the oropharyngeal microbiome in a HIV-positive individual. The bacterial composition was determined by illumina sequencing using MiSeq of partial 16S rRNA genes (V3-V4). A total of 3, 57,926 reads were analyzed. Overall, the genera Proteus, Enterococcus, Bacteroides, Prevotella and Clostridium were most prevalent bacterial populations in the oropharynx of an HIV positive patient.