A model to estimate survival in ambulatory patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Can it predict the natural course of hepatocellular carcinoma?

BACKGROUND: Several hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging systems are available including the newly developed staging system, the Model to Estimate Survival in Ambulatory HCC patients (MESIAH); however, whether these staging systems could predict the natural course of HCC is largely unknown. METHODS: 1013 patients with history of HCC treatment and 111 patients without any history of treatment till death or last follow-up at a single tertiary hospital were included. RESULTS: The MESIAH score showed a better discrimination ability, with a C-statistic of 0.835 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.810-0.861] in the group of treated patients compared to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system [0.739 (95% CI, 0.709-0.769)] before propensity score matching. However, the MESIAH score failed to stratify patients according to their risk of death in the group of untreated patients unlike the BCLC staging system. Propensity score matching analysis confirmed that the MESIAH score was most strongly influenced by whether treatment was given or not. CONCLUSIONS: Although the MESIAH score provided better prognostic stratification than other staging systems in treated HCC patients, it was not helpful in predicting the natural course of HCC. Since the treatment affects patient outcome and prognosis, it is necessary to develop a new staging system that can also reflect the natural course of HCC.

Antiplatelet therapy and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients on antiviral treatment.

Antiplatelet therapy has shown protective effects against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in preclinical studies. However, it is unclear whether antiplatelet therapy lowers the risk of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B. A retrospective analysis was conducted of data from 1,674 chronic hepatitis B patients, enrolled between January 2002 and May 2015, whose serum hepatitis B virus DNA levels were suppressed by antivirals to <2,000 IU/mL. The primary and secondary outcomes were development of HCC and bleeding events, respectively. Risk was compared between patients with antiplatelet treatment (aspirin, clopidogrel, or both; antiplatelet group) and patients who were not treated (non-antiplatelet group) using a time-varying Cox proportional hazards model for total population and propensity score-matching analysis. The antiplatelet group included 558 patients, and the non-antiplatelet group had 1,116 patients. During the study period, 63 patients (3.8%) developed HCC. In time-varying Cox proportional analyses, the antiplatelet group showed a significantly lower risk of HCC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-0.85; P = 0.01), regardless of antiplatelet agent. In propensity score-matched pairs, antiplatelet therapy significantly reduced the risk of HCC (HR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.77; P = 0.01). However, the overall risk of bleeding was higher in the antiplatelet group (HR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.98-5.42; P < 0.001), particularly for clopidogrel with or without aspirin. Treatment with aspirin alone was not associated with a higher bleeding risk (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.48-2.54; P = 0.81). CONCLUSION: Antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of HCC in chronic hepatitis B patients whose hepatitis B virus is effectively suppressed. However, antiplatelet therapy containing clopidogrel may increase the risk of bleeding. (Hepatology 2017;66:1556-1569).

A Case of Dasatinib-Induced Hemorrhagic Colitis Diagnosed by the Lymphocyte Transformation Test in a Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patient.

Dasatinib is an effective treatment option for patients diagnosed with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia and who are non-responsive or intolerant to imatinib treatment. Dasatinib, however, is associated with various adverse effects and on rare occasions, may cause hemorrhagic colitis. We report the case of a 68-year-old male patient with dasatinib-induced hemorrhagic colitis, the first such case in Korea. Endoscopic biopsy of the transverse colon demonstrated non-specific inflammatory changes only. Cessation of dasatinib led to the resolution of symptoms, while reintroduction of the therapy led to the recurrence of his bloody diarrhea. To clarify the association between dasatinib and hemorrhagic colitis, the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was performed. The LTT result sustained a relatively high proliferation activity in the affected patient compared with almost no proliferation activity in normal control.

Subclinical Ascites Does Not Affect the Long-term Prognosis in Hepatitis B Virus-related Cirrhosis Patients Receiving Antivirals.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study evaluated the clinical significance of subclinical ascites in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis treated with lamivudine (LMV) or entecavir (ETV). METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study involved 8 hospitals. Patients were classified by degree of ascites: (1) no ascites (no ascites on imaging, no diuretics), (2) subclinical ascites (small amount of ascites on imaging, no diuretics), and (3) clinical ascites (moderate to severe ascites or diuretics). RESULTS: Out of 501 patients, 336 (68%), 51 (10%), and 114 (23%) patients were classified as no-ascites, subclinical ascites, and clinical ascites, respectively. In all, 100 (20%) and 401 (80%) were treated with LMV and ETV, respectively. Over 58±24 months of follow-up, 105 patients (21%) developed hepatocellular carcinoma. The cumulative incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma did not differ between LMV-treated and ETV-treated patients (P=0.61); it was higher in the clinical-ascites group than the no-ascites (P=0.054) and subclinical-ascites (P=0.03) groups, but it was comparable between the latter 2 (P=0.225). Forty-five patients (9%) died during follow-up. Survival was significantly shorter in the clinical-ascites group than the other 2 (both P<0.005), but it was comparable between no-ascites and subclinical-ascites groups (P=0.444). Multivariate analysis showed that mortality was significantly associated with prothrombin time [hazard ratio (HR)=2.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.59-3.70], serum albumin (HR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.29-0.99), and presence of clinical ascites (HR=3.58; 95% CI, 1.54-8.30). CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical ascites did not affect prognosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis receiving antiviral treatment.

Characterization of acute-on-chronic liver failure and prediction of mortality in Asian patients with active alcoholism.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alcoholic liver diseases often evolve to acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which increases the risk of (multi-)organ failure and death. We investigated the development and characteristics of alcohol-related ACLF and evaluated prognostic scores for prediction of mortality in Asian patients with active alcoholism. METHODS: A total of 205 patients who were hospitalized with severe alcoholic liver disease were included in this retrospective cohort study, after excluding those with serious cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, or co-existing viral hepatitis. The Chronic Liver Failure (CLIF) Consortium Organ Failure score was used in the diagnosis and grading of ACLF, and the CLIF Consortium ACLF score (CLIF-C ACLFs) was used to predict mortality. RESULTS: Patients with ACLF had higher Maddrey discriminant function, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), and MELD-sodium scores than those without ACLF. Infections were more frequently documented in patients with ACLF (33.3% vs 53.0%; P = 0.004). Predictive factors for ACLF development were systemic inflammatory response syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 2.239; P < 0.001), serum sodium level (OR, 0.939; P = 0.029), and neutrophil count (OR, 1.000; P = 0.021). For prediction of mortality at predefined time points (28-day and 90-day) in patients with ACLF, areas under the receiver-operating characteristic were significantly greater for the CLIF-C ACLFs than for Child-Pugh, MELD, and MELD-sodium scores. CONCLUSIONS: Infection and systemic inflammatory response syndrome play an important role in the development of alcohol-related ACLF in Asian patients with active alcoholism. The CLIF-C ACLFs may be more useful for predicting mortality in ACLF cases than liver-specific scoring systems.

Early repolarization is associated with significant coronary artery stenosis in asymptomatic adults.

The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between early repolarization (ERP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) by evaluating its association with coronary artery stenosis and plaques. Consecutive asymptomatic adults aged 30 or more without CHD were investigated (n = 3100). Adjusting for major cardiovascular risk factors, ERP was significantly associated with significant coronary stenosis with incremental predictive value (aOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.13-2.60; ROC AUC 0.763 vs. 0.723, P < 0.001; NRI 4.86%, P = 0.042; IDI 0.0030, P = 0.040), specifically in intermediate risk group (aOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.29-4.20; ROC AUC 0.753 vs. 0.708, P = 0.001). ERP was shown to be especially associated with significant coronary stenosis with non-calcified plaque (aOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.28-3.98). Our study is the first to directly show the association of ERP with CHD. Future studies are needed to replicate our results and investigate whether it would be beneficial to include ERP in risk algorithms for CHD screening.

Forns index predicts recurrence and death in patients with hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Advanced liver fibrosis is associated with recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate whether noninvasive fibrosis indices could predict intrahepatic recurrence and death after curative resection of HCC. METHODS: Patients who underwent curative resection for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC between 2006 and 2010 at a single tertiary hospital were included. This study analysed the association of noninvasive fibrosis indices with recurrence and overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 303 patients were included. During a median follow-up period of 56.0 (interquartile range, 42.0-70.0) months, 151 (49.8%) patients experienced HCC recurrence and 54 (17.8%) died. Based on multivariate analysis, Forns index [hazard ratio (HR), 1.238; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.097-1.398; P = 0.001] was independently associated with tumour recurrence after adjustment for anti-HBe positivity, histological cirrhosis, tumour size and number. Patients with Forns index <6.9 had a significantly longer recurrence-free survival rate than patients with Forns index ≥6.9 (P < 0.001 by log-rank test). Forns index (HR, 1.246; 95% CI, 1.034-1.501; P = 0.02) could also predict overall survival after adjustment for tumour size and number. Forns index detected cirrhosis with an AUROC of 0.700 (95% CI, 0.641-0.758). Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, cirrhosis discriminant score, FIB-4 index, P2/MS and Lok index detected cirrhosis comparably to Forns index, but were not associated with tumour recurrence or death. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that Forns index could be a useful predictor of recurrence and overall survival after curative resection of HBV-related HCC.

Tenofovir monotherapy versus tenofovir plus lamivudine or telbivudine combination therapy in treatment of lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy is a therapeutic option for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants resistant to lamivudine (LAM). We evaluated the antiviral efficacy and safety of TDF alone compared to those of TDF plus LAM or telbivudine (LdT) combination in patients harboring HBV variants with genotypic resistance to LAM. This multicenter retrospective study included consecutive patients who had LAM-resistant HBV variants and were treated with TDF alone (monotherapy group) or TDF combined with LAM or LdT (combination therapy group) for at least 6 months. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for the entire cohort was applied to control for treatment selection bias. Overall, 153 patients (33 in the monotherapy group and 120 in the combination therapy group) were analyzed. The overall probability of achieving complete virologic suppression at month 12 was 91.6%: 88.6% in the monotherapy group and 92.6% in the combination therapy group. Combination therapy was not superior to monotherapy in viral suppression before and after IPTW (P=0.562 and P=0.194, respectively). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss, biochemical response, and virologic breakthrough did not differ between treatment groups. The probabilities of complete virologic suppression were comparable between treatment groups in the subsets according to HBeAg status and HBV DNA levels at baseline. No patient experienced any significant renal dysfunction during the treatment period. In conclusion, TDF monotherapy has antiviral efficacy comparable to that of TDF plus LAM or LdT combination therapy, with a favorable safety profile in CHB patients with LAM-resistant HBV variants.

Efficacy of entecavir-tenofovir combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients with multidrug-resistant strains.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major concern. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with entecavir (ETV) plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) against MDR HBV. To adjust for differences in baseline characteristics, inverse probability weighting (IPW) using propensity scores for the entire cohort and weighted Cox proportional hazards models were applied. Ninety-three consecutive patients who were treated with ETV-TDF combination therapy for >6 months were included; at baseline, 45 were infected with HBV strains with genotypic resistance to lamivudine (LAM) and ETV (the LAM/ETV-R group), 28 with strains resistant to LAM and adefovir (ADV) (the LAM/ADV-R group), and 20 with strains resistant to LAM, ETV, and ADV (the LAM/ETV/ADV-R group). The median duration of rescue therapy was 13.0 (range, 6.7 to 31.7) months. Seventy-four of 93 patients (79.6%) achieved complete virologic suppression, after a median of 4.5 (95% confidence interval, 3.0 to 6.0) months. The cumulative probability of complete virologic suppression at month 6 was 63.6% (55.7%, 75.0%, and 65.0% in the LAM/ETV-R, LAM/ADV-R, and LAM/ETV/ADV-R groups, respectively). During the treatment period, these probabilities were not significantly different across the resistance profiles before and after IPW (P = 0.072 and P = 0.510, respectively). In multivariate analysis, a lower baseline HBV DNA level, but not resistance profiles, was an independent predictor of complete virologic suppression. Renal dysfunction was not observed during the treatment period. In conclusion, rescue therapy with ETV-TDF combination is efficient and safe in patients infected with MDR HBV strains regardless of the antiviral drug resistance profiles.