The Association of Alcohol Use and Child-to-Parent Violence in Mexican Adolescents.

Background: Addictions can modify the dynamics, communication, and establishment of assertive relationships in the family nucleus, situations that can cause different types of family violence. A phenomenon of special interest is child-to-parent violence or children's violence toward their parents. This type of violence can be exercised physically (hitting, kicking, shoving), verbally (shouting, blackmailing and insulting) and economically (using a card, stealing money or belongings from the parents). Although is generally supported that child-to-parent violence may be associated with alcohol-induced aggressiveness and lack of control, there is less evidence of a possible differentiation regarding the sex of the parents. Objective: Analyze the relationship and effect of alcohol on child-to-parent violence according to the parents' sex. Methods: This was a predictive study of 265 adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age. Data were collected from social networks using two self-applied instruments (the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Conflict Tactics Scale: Parent-Child Version) programmed with the Survey Monkey® digital platform. Results: Of the adolescents studied, 66.8% had consumed alcohol at some time in their lives; of these, 6.6% had harmful consumption. A positive relationship was found between alcohol involvement scores and economic violence toward the mother and father. The former was supported by regression models where alcohol involvement predicted child-to-parent economic violence directed toward mothers and fathers. Conclusions: It is important to develop activities to prevent alcohol consumption as a risk factor for violence and to promote family integration in adolescents and their families.

Consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas en adolescentes en tiempos de la COVID-19 / Consumption of legal and illegal drugs in adolescents in times of COVID-19

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer el consumo de tabaco, mariguana y cocaína en adolescentes mexicanos en tiempos de la COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal realizado con 265 adolescentes mexicanos entre 12 y 19 años de edad, elegidos mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. La recolección de la información se llevó a cabo mediante la plataforma digital SurveyMonkey, los datos fueron procesados en el programa estadístico SPSS 23.0. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para obtener frecuencias, proporciones, medidas de tendencia central y de variabilidad. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 17.8 años, el inicio de consumo de alcohol fue a los 16.7 años, tabaco a los 16.8 años, marihuana a los 17 años y cocaína a los 17.3 años. El promedio de bebidas alcohólicas consumidas en un día típico fue de 3.3, la media de cigarrillos consumidos en un día típico fue de 2.2, la media del consumo marihuana fue de 1.2 y la de cocaína de 2.5. El 66.8 % de los participantes han consumido alcohol alguna vez en la vida, 49.9% ha consumido alcohol en el último año. El 18.5% han consumido cigarrillos al menos una vez en la vida y solo el 13.6% lo consumió en el último año. El 7.2% del adolescente han consumido marihuana alguna vez en la vida y solo el 3.8% consumió en el último año. El 3.4% ha consumido cocaína alguna vez en la vida y 1.9% en el último año. Conclusiones: Las prevalencias del consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas denotan un incremento significativo, lo cual es preocupante, debido que durante la adolescencia cualquier cantidad consumida es riesgosa y dañina para la salud física y mental.

Abstract Objective: To know the consumption of tobacco, marijuana and cocaine in Mexican adolescents in times of COVID-19. Materials and methods: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out with 265 Mexican adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age, chosen through a non-probabilistic sampling. The information was collected using the SurveyMonkey digital platform, the data was processed in the SPSS 23.0 statistical program. Descriptive statistics were used to obtain frequencies, proportions, measures of central tendency and variability. Results: The average age was 17.8 years, the start of alcohol consumption was at 16.7 years, tobacco at 16.8 years, marijuana at 17 years and cocaine at 17.3 years. The average number of alcoholic beverages consumed on a typical day was 3.3, the average number of cigarettes consumed on a typical day was 2.2, the average use of marijuana was 1.2, and that of cocaine was 2.5. 66.8% of the participants have consumed alcohol at some time in their life, 49.9% have consumed alcohol in the last year. 18.5% have consumed cigarettes at least once in their life and only 13.6% consumed it in the last year. 7.2% of adolescents have used marijuana at some time in their life and only 3.8% used it in the last year. 3.4% have used cocaine at some time in their life and 1.9% in the last year. Conclusions: The prevalence of licit and illicit drug use shows a significant increase, which is worrying, since during adolescence any amount consumed is risky and harmful to physical and mental health.

Comunicación sexual en padres de hijos con trastorno del espectro autista / Sexual Communication in Parents of Childrenwith Autism Spectrum Disorder

La sexualidad forma parte del desarrollo de todos los seres humanos, desafortunadamente una gran parte de las personas con discapacidad intelectual e incluso las personas con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) no reciben una atención necesaria referente a la salud sexual. El presente estudio tiene como finalidad comparar la comunicación sexual de los padres de acuerdo a los niveles de TEA de los hijos(as). Para ello, se utilizó un diseño de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra fue conformada por 152 padres de hijos(as) con TEA, se utilizó el apartado de comunicación sexual del “Parenting and Child Sexuality Questionnaire” (Morawaska et al., 2015) para medir la comunicación sexual. Como resultado se encontró que la comunicación sexual entre padres e hijos(as) con TEA es muy general, donde los temas más complejos como el abuso sexual y embarazo no fueron abordados por los padres, además se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la comunicación sexual de los padres y los niveles de TEA de los hijos(as). En ese sentido, es importante que los profesionales de la salud alienten y apoyen a los padres en la práctica de la comunicación sexual con sus hijos con TEA. (AU)

Sexuality is part of the development of all human beings, unfortunately a large part of people with intellectual disabilities and even people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do not receive the necessary attention regarding sexual health. The pres-ent study aims to compare parents’ sexual communication according to their children’s ASD levels. For this purpose, a cross-sectional descriptive design was used. The sample consisted of 152 parents of children with ASD, and the sexual communication section of the “Parenting and Child Sexuality Questionnaire” (Morawaska et al., 2015) was used to measure sexual communication. As a result, it was found that sexual communication between parents and children with ASD is very general, where more complex topics like sexual abuse and pregnant parents did not address and there are significant differences between parents’ sexual communication and children’s ASD levels. In that sense, it is important that health professionals encourage and support parents in the practice of sexual communication with their children with ASD. (AU)

Maltrato en la infancia y consumo de drogas en adolescentes de preparatoria / Child abuse and drug use in high school adolescents

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la relación entre el maltrato en la infancia y el consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional, transversal; mediante el muestreo aleatorio estratificado, se seleccionaron a los adolescentes de preparatoria. Se aplicó una cédula de datos personales, el Cuestionario de Maltrato en la Infancia, Test de Identificación de los Trastornos Debidos al Consumo de Alcohol, validados y utilizados en población mexicana, en investigaciones previas. Este estudio se apegó al Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en materia de investigación para la salud. Resultados: Participaron 239 adolescentes de una preparatoria pública, las edades oscilaron entre los 15 a 19 años (M = 16.41; DE= 1.04), las mujeres predominaron con 54.5%. En la variable de maltrato en la infancia y subescalas por sexo se encontró diferencia significativa en la subescala de abuso físico mostrando que los hombres (Mdn=7.00/ M=8.11, DE=3.08) presentaron mayor puntaje de abuso físico en comparación con las mujeres (Mdn=7.00/ M=7.28, DE=2.64) con una U=5760.0, p<0.032. Al correlacionar las variables de maltrato en la infancia y consumo de drogas, se encontró una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa del número de drogas con el total AUDIT, el consumo sensato y dañino con el puntaje total de maltrato y las subescalas de abuso sexual, negligencia emocional y negligencia física. Conclusiones: Los hombres presentaron mayor abuso físico. En la relación entre las variables de estudio se encontró que el maltrato en la infancia, se relacionó con el consumo de alcohol dañino y con el número de drogas consumidas.

Abstract Objective: To know the relationship between abuse in childhood and drug use in adolescents. Materials and methods: Quantitative, descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study; Using stratified random sampling, high school adolescents were selected. A personal data card, the Child Abuse Questionnaire, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test were applied, validated and used in the Mexican population, in previous investigations. This study adhered to the Regulations of the General Health Law regarding health research20. Results: 239 adolescents from a public high school participated, the ages ranged from 15 to 19 years (M = 16.41; SD = 1.04), women predominated with 54.5%. In the variable of abuse in childhood and subscales by sex, a significant difference was found in the physical abuse subscale, showing that men (Mdn = 7.00/M = 8.11, SD = 3.08) had a higher physical abuse score compared to women. (Mdn = 7.00/M = 7.28, SD = 2.64) with a U = 5760.0, p <0.032. When correlating the variables of abuse in childhood and drug use, a positive and statistically significant correlation of the number of drugs with the total AUDIT, the sensible and harmful consumption with the total score of abuse and subscales of sexual abuse, emotional neglect and neglect physical. Conclusions: Men presented more physical abuse. In the relationship between the study variables, it was found that abuse in childhood was related to the consumption of harmful alcohol and the number of drugs consumed.

Relación entre la violencia contra la mujer y el Índice de Masa Corporal: revisión integradora / Relation between violence against women and Body Mass Index: integrative review

Resumen Objetivo: El propósito de esta revisión es conocer la evidencia científica existente de la relación entre la violencia contra la mujer (VCM) y su índice de masa corporal (IMC) (alto y bajo). Síntesis del contenido: Se realizó una revisión integradora de las publicaciones científicas que abordaron y relacionaran la VCM y el IMC en diferentes bases de datos. Se consideraron los siete pasos de Cooper. Se analizaron por título, año de publicación, autores y fuente; finalmente, se estudiaron los aspectos metodológicos. Se identificaron 85 artículos y se excluyeron 67 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión; seis de los artículos incluidos en la revisión, reportaron correlación positiva y significativa entre la VCM con el IMC alto (sobrepeso/obesidad). Asimismo, siete de los artículos refieren una relación significativa entre la VCM y el IMC bajo, de tal manera que a mayor violencia contra la mujer, se presenta un IMC más bajo en las mujeres. Conclusión: Los resultados encontrados muestran la existencia escasa de literatura científica que aborde la temática de la VCM y el IMC. Algunos estudios muestran la relación entre la VCM y el IMC alto y bajo. Los resultados no son concluyentes, por lo que se requiere generar líneas de acción y atención a las mujeres receptoras de los diferentes tipos de violencia.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão é conhecer as evidências científicas existentes sobre a relação entre violencia contra mulheres (VCM) e seu índice de massa corporal (IMC) (baixo peso, sobrepeso/obesidade). Síntese do conteúdo: Uma revisão integrativa das publicações científicas que abordam e relacionam a vcm e o IMC em diferentes bases de dados. Os sete passos de Cooper foram considerados. Foram analisados por título, ano de publicação, autores e fonte; finalmente, os aspectos metodológicos foram estudados. Identificaram-se 85 artigos, 67 artigos foram excluídos porque não atendiam aos criterios de inclusão; seis dos artigos incluídos na revisão relataram uma correlação positiva e significativa entre a VMC com o IMC alto (sobrepeso/obesidade). Da mesma forma, sete dos artigos referem-se a uma relação significativa entre VMC e baixo IMC, ou seja, quanto maior a violência, um imc mais baixo é relatado. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram a existência de literatura científica escassa abordando a questão da VMC e IMC. Alguns estudos mostram a relação entre a violência contra as mulheres e o alto e baixo IMC. Os resultados não são conclusivos, por isso é necessário gerar linhas de ação e atenção às mulheres que recebem os diferentes tipos de violência.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this review is to know the existing scientific evidence of the relation between violence against women and their body mass index (BMI) (underweight, overweight/obese). Content synthesis: An integrative review of the scientific publications that approached and related violence against women and BMI in different databases. Cooper's seven steps were considered. They were analyzed by title, year of publication, authors and source; and, finally, by methodological aspects. It was possible to identify 85 articles, -67 articles were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria-. Six of the articles included in the review reported a positive and significant correlation between violence against women with high BMI (overweight/obesity). In other words, the higher the violence, a high BMI is reported. Likewise, seven of the articles referred to a significant relation between violence against women and low BMI, such a way to greater violence against women, a lower women's BMI is found. Conclusion: The results show the existence of scarce scientific literature that addresses the issue of violence against women and BMI. Some studies expose the relation between violence against women and high and low BMI. The results are inconclusive, so it is necessary to generate lines of action and attention to women who suffer different types of violence.