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Objective:To investigate the role of CD155 in hepatocyte apoptosis and liver fibrosis in mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis. Methods:Thirty-six female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a sham surgery group and a model group, with 18 mice in each group. Mice in the model group were injected with protoscolex via the portal vein to create an animal model of E. multilocularis infection. Mice in the sham surgery group were injected with the same amount of saline. The mice were sacrificed at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after modeling, and liver samples were collected. Hepatic pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Liver fibrosis was detected by Sirius red staining, and expression of Caspase-3 and CD155 in hepatocytes was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between CD155 expression in hepatocytes and Caspase-3 and liver fibrosis levels were analyzed by Person. Results:There were obvious lesions in the liver of the model group accompanied by severe liver fibrosis. Compared with the sham surgery group, the expression of CD155 and Caspase-3 in mouse hepatocytes at different stages in the model group was significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The model group's liver fibrosis level was significantly higher at different stages than the sham surgery group, with statistical significance ( P<0.05). In addition, correlation analysis showed that expression of CD155 in hepatocytes was positively correlated with the expression of Caspase-3 ( r=0.956 8; P<0.001; 95% CI: 0.885 5-0.984 1) and that expression of CD155 in hepatocytes was positively correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis( r=0.853 9; P<0.001; 95% CI: 0.643 7-0.944 3). Conclusions:CD155 expression was significantly up-regulated in mouse hepatocytes infected with E. multilocularis at different stages, which was positively correlated with the degree of hepatocyte apoptosis and liver fibrosis, suggesting that CD155 may be involved in the process of hepatocyte apoptosis and liver fibrosis caused by E. multilocularis infection.
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Objective:To investigate the optimal dose of Th1/Th2 immuno-enhancement effects of cultivated Artemisia rupestris L. crude polysaccharides (CARCP) on foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (FMDV) via the intramuscular route. Methods:ICR mice were intramuscularly immunized twice with different concentrations of CARCP mixed with FMDV at 2-week intervals. FMDV-specific antibodies, isotypes, and IgE in serum were detected by ELISA. Splenocyte proliferation was detected by MTT. T lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the spleen were detected by flow cytometry. Clinical signs and local reactions at the injection site were monitored daily, and the body weight of mice was weighed after immunization.Results:The medium dose of CARCP could significantly improve FMDV-specific IgG, IgG 1, and IgG 2a antibody levels and the IgG 2a/IgG 1 ratio ( P<0.05) and lead to significant splenocyte proliferative responses ( P<0.01). The medium dose of CARCP could also significantly increase the level of CD3 +CD4 + and CD3 +CD8 + T cells as well as CD4 +/CD8 + ratio ( P<0.05), elicited the higher levels of IFN-γ in CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells ( P<0.05). No local adverse reactions at the injection site were observed after immunization. There was no significant difference in body weight or growth between each group( P>0.05). CARCP did not significantly induce an IgE response ( P>0.05). Conclusions:CARCP as an FMDV adjuvant promotes Th1/Th2 immune responses, especially in favor of the Th1 response, and has a certain safety profile. The best immune enhancement is achieved with CARCP at medium doses.
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Objective:To investigate the antigen-sparing effects of crude polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola Y. C.Ma (CPCD) for influenza virus vaccine (IVV). Methods:ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with CPCD combined with different doses of IVV (0.01 μg and 0.1 μg). Hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assay was used to detect HI titers in serum samples. Indirect ELISA was performed to detect the levels of specific IgG antibodies and their subtypes in serum samples. The proliferation of splenic lymphocytes was detected by MTT assay. The percentages of CD4 + , CD8 + and CD44 + T cells and the levels of IFN-γ in splenic cells isolated from the vaccinated mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results:CPCD significantly increased HI titers (234.67±47.70 vs 149.33±47.70, P<0.05), promoted the production of IgG ( A450 value: 1.16±0.63 vs 0.30±0.21, P<0.05) and IgG1 ( A450 value: 1.09±0.60 vs 0.26±0.21, P<0.05) and enhanced splenic lymphocyte proliferation ( P<0.05). CPCD also significantly up-regulated the expression of CD4 + [(41.97±4.58)% vs (25.43±1.48)%, P<0.05], CD8 + [(12.67±0.33)% vs (9.02±1.07)%, P<0.05], CD4 + CD44 + [(11.77±0.69)% vs (8.64±0.71)%, P<0.05] and CD8 + CD44 + [(6.70±0.67)% vs (4.66±0.39)%, P<0.05] T cell subsets as well as the secretion of IFN-γ in CD4 + [(1.36±0.07)% vs (0.87±0.06)%, P<0.05] and CD8 + [(2.09±0.20)% vs (1.42±0.08)%, P<0.05] T cells. In addition, there was no significant difference between CPCD combined with low-dose IVV group and high-dose IVV alone group ( P>0.05), implying a 10-fold antigen sparing. Conclusions:CPCD, as an adjuvant for influenza virus vaccine, could enhance humoral and cellular immune responses and reduce antigen dose, which might be a potential adjuvant for seasonal or pandemic influenza vaccines.
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Objective:To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory activity and the safety of ethanol extract of wild Artemisia rupestris L. (EEWAR). Methods:Bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) from C57BL/6 mice were treated with different concentrations of EEWAR in vitro and the expression of CD40 and CD80 on BMDCs was detected by flow cytometry. ICR mice were subcutaneously immunized with different concentrations of EEWAR in combination with ovalbumin (OVA) or OVA alone. Aluminum adjuvant was used as the positive control. OVA-specific IgG antibodies in mouse serum samples were measured by ELISA following immunization. T cell proliferation in spleen tissues was detected by MTT method. Acute toxicity test was conducted in ICR mice to analyze the safety of EEWAR. Results:In vitro experiment showed that EEWAR at the concentrations of 10-20 μg/ml increased the expression of CD40 and CD80 on BMDCs ( P<0.05), and had no significant effect on the morphology of BMDCs; EEWAR at the concentrations of 100-200 μg/ml significantly promoted the expression of CD40 and CD80 on BMDCs ( P<0.01), but had a certain influence on the morphology of BMDCs. In vivo experiment showed that EEWAR enhanced the production of IgG, IgG 1 and IgG 2a antibodies against OVA and the proliferation of splenocytes ( P<0.05). In the acute toxicity test, EEWAR at the concentrations of 50-5 000 μg/ml had no side effects on mouse body weight and was relatively safe. Conclusions:EEWAR could promote the maturation of DCs and enhance the humoral and cellular immune responses when used as an adjuvant to OVA. It was safe in a certain dose range. This study provided reference for further research on EEWAR as a new-generation adjuvant.
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Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in Shanxi Province, and to provide basis for guiding pregnant women to supplement iodine scientifically.Methods:From 2016 to 2018, 40, 80 and 118 counties were selected in Shanxi Province. In each county, 5 townships were selected according to the east, west, south, north and middle orientation, 20 pregnant women were selected from each township. Urine and salt samples of pregnant women were collected, and urinary iodine and salt iodine contents were determined, respectively.Results:From 2016 to 2018, 3 590, 7 907, and 11 750 salt samples were collected from pregnant women's homes. The medians salt iodine were 23.80, 23.70, 23.25 mg/kg, and the qualified iodized salt consumption rates were 91.06% (3 269/3 590), 90.06% (7 121/7 907), 92.21% (10 835/11 750), and the coverage rate of iodized salts were 97.72% (3 508/3 590), 97.00% (7 670/7 907), 98.53% (11 577/11 750), and the qualified rate of iodized salts was 93.19% (3 269/3 508), 92.84% (7 121/7 670), 93.59% (10 835/11 577), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the median salt iodine and qualified iodized salt consumption rate among pregnant women in different years ( H = 99.915, χ 2 = 27.988, P < 0.05). Totally 3 902, 7 892 and 11 745 urine samples of pregnant women were tested, and the medians (quartiles) urinary iodine were 174.20 (114.00, 251.08), 180.70 (117.13, 258.58) and 179.40 (115.90, 249.00) μg/L, respectively. There was statistically significant difference in the median urinary iodine among pregnant women in different years ( H = 12.368, P < 0.05). From 2016 to 2018, counties with appropriate levels of iodine accounted for 70.00% (28/40), 73.75% (59/80) and 70.34% (83/118), respectively. The medians (quartiles) urinary iodine levels of pregnant women in the early, middle and late stages of pregnancy ( n = 2 225, 5 727, 3 793) in 2018 were 177.62 (117.28, 257.23), 178.21 (117.40, 248.40) and 172.70 (112.98, 245.70) μg/L, respectively, and there was statistical by significant difference in urinary iodine levels among pregnant women in different pregnancy periods ( H = 11.077, P < 0.05). Conclusions:From 2016 to 2018, the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in Shanxi Province is generally in an appropriate state, iodine deficiency or more than appropriate still exists in some areas. We should continue to carry out monitoring work, and focus on strengthening health education for pregnant women, and guide them to supplement iodine scientifically and accurately.
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Background@#New-generation adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines can improve the efficacy of existing vaccines. Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide possesses better promoting effects. @*Objectives@#In this study, the aqueous extract from Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR), an immunoregulatory crude polysaccharide, was utilized as the adjuvant of inactivated FMDV vaccine to explore their immune regulation roles. @*Methods@#The mice in each group were subcutaneously injected with different vaccine formulations containing inactivated FMDV antigen adjuvanted with three doses (low, medium, and high) of AEAR or AEAR with ISA-206 adjuvant for 2 times respectively in 1 and 14 days. The variations of antibody level, lymphocyte count, and cytokine secretion in 14 to 42 days after first vaccination were monitored. Then cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody duration were measured after the second vaccination. @*Results@#AEAR significantly induced FMDV-specific antibody titers and lymphocyte activation. AEAR at a medium dose stimulated Th1/Th2-type response through interleukin-4 and interferon-γ secreted by CD4+ T cells. Effective T lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated by AEAR. Importantly, the efficient CTL response was remarkably provoked by AEAR. Furthermore, AEAR at a low dose and ISA-206 adjuvant also synergistically promoted immune responses more significantly in immunized mice than those injected with only ISA-206 adjuvant and the stable antibody duration without body weight loss was 6 months. @*Conclusions@#These findings suggested that AEAR had potential utility as a polysaccharide adjuvant for FMDV vaccines.
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Background@#New-generation adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines can improve the efficacy of existing vaccines. Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide possesses better promoting effects. @*Objectives@#In this study, the aqueous extract from Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR), an immunoregulatory crude polysaccharide, was utilized as the adjuvant of inactivated FMDV vaccine to explore their immune regulation roles. @*Methods@#The mice in each group were subcutaneously injected with different vaccine formulations containing inactivated FMDV antigen adjuvanted with three doses (low, medium, and high) of AEAR or AEAR with ISA-206 adjuvant for 2 times respectively in 1 and 14 days. The variations of antibody level, lymphocyte count, and cytokine secretion in 14 to 42 days after first vaccination were monitored. Then cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody duration were measured after the second vaccination. @*Results@#AEAR significantly induced FMDV-specific antibody titers and lymphocyte activation. AEAR at a medium dose stimulated Th1/Th2-type response through interleukin-4 and interferon-γ secreted by CD4+ T cells. Effective T lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated by AEAR. Importantly, the efficient CTL response was remarkably provoked by AEAR. Furthermore, AEAR at a low dose and ISA-206 adjuvant also synergistically promoted immune responses more significantly in immunized mice than those injected with only ISA-206 adjuvant and the stable antibody duration without body weight loss was 6 months. @*Conclusions@#These findings suggested that AEAR had potential utility as a polysaccharide adjuvant for FMDV vaccines.
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Objective:To explore the immunomodulatory activity of ethanol extract of cultivated Cistanche deserticola (EECCD) in Xinjiang. Methods:Ovalbumin (OVA) was used antigen, ICR mice were divided into 9 g/L NaCl group (blank control group), EECCD group (1 200 μg EECCD), OVA group (10 μg OVA), low-dose EECCD/OVA group (400 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA), medium-dose EECCD/OVA group (800 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA), high-dose EECCD/OVA group (1 200 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA) and aluminum adjuvant (Alum)/OVA group (200 μg Alum+10 μg OVA). Mice were immunized subcutaneously, and the immunization was strengthened once 14 days after the initial immunization. The level of splenocyte proliferation was determined by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in CD4 + T cell, dendritic cells (DCs) surface markers and CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Treg were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Results:Three dose of EECCD can enhance OVA-specific IgG titers in serum. The antibody titer in medium-dose EECCD/OVA group was 250 000, which was the same as that in the Alum/OVA group. The medium-dose EECCD/OVA significantly improve IgG1 and IgG2a (both P<0.01). Therefore, the medium dose EECCD was selected as the best dose. MTT results displayed that splenocyte proliferation were significantly stimulated by medium-dose EECCD/OVA ( P<0.05), and the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in CD4 + T cells were promoted in groups administered with medium-dose EECCD/OVA (both P<0.01). Furthermore, medium-dose EECCD/OVA significantly up-regulated the levels of CD40, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ (MHCⅡ) on DCs and down-regulated the frequency of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Treg (all P<0.05). Conclusions:EECCD has good immunomodulatory activity, can promote Th1-biased response, and has the therapeutic potential for the prevention of diseases.
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Objective:To investigated the effects of storage temperature and storage state on the immunoregulatory activities of wild Artemisia rupestris L. crude polysaccharides (WARCP) and cultivated Artemisia rupestris L. crude polysaccharides (CARCP). Explore the optimal storage conditions for WARCP and CARCP.Methods:WARCP and CARCP were stored at different temperatures (4, -20 and -80 ℃) and in different states (powder and solution) for 6 months. Different doses (10, 50, 100 μg/ml) of WARCP and CARCP were used to stimulate mouse bone marrow dendritic cells (DCs) for 24 h in vitro. The lipopolysaccharide with a dose of 100 ng/ml were used as positive control, and RPMI-1640 medium was used as negative control. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportions of CD40 and CD86 on the surface of DCs.Results:At different temperatures, the differences in immunomodulatory activity of WARCP and CARCP stored in powder state and WARCP stored in solution state were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). The immunomodulatory activities of CARCP stored in solution state at -20 ℃ and -80 ℃ were significantly better than that stored at 4 ℃ (all P<0.05). Conclusions:After 6 months of storage, the immunomodulatory activity of WARCP and CARCP is not affected by the storage state, and can maintain good immunomodulatory activity at different storage temperatures.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of wild Cistanche deserticola crude polysaccharides (WCDCP) on the immune response of ovalbumin (OVA).Methods:42 ICR mice were randomly divided into the 9 g/L NaCl group (blank sample), WCDCP group (400 μg WCDCP), OVA group (10 μg OVA), low-dose WCDCP/OVA group (100 μg WCDCP+10 μg OVA), medium-dose WCDCP/OVA group (400 μg WCDCP+10 μg OVA), high-dose WCDCP/OVA group (800 μg WCDCP+10 μg OVA), and aluminum adjuvant/OVA group (positive concentration, 200 μg aluminum adjuvant+10 μg OVA). Each group included 6 mice. The mice were immunized by using two-point injection into the muscles of the hind legs of the mice. A total of 2 immunizations, and the immunization was boosted once every 2 weeks after the initial immunization. The body weight of the mice was weighed 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after the initial immunization of the mice, and the changes in body weight and growth status of the mice were observed. The IgG antibodies and antibody fractions were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twenty-one days after the initial immunization, the spleen lymphocyte proliferation level was detected by the thiazole blue method. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of T cell subsets in the spleen and lymph nodes.Results:At 7 days after the initial immunization, the serum IgG antibody level (0.597 6±0.110 7) in the high-dose WCDCP/OVA group was significantly higher than (0.254 4±0.074 8) of the OVA group ( P<0.05). At 28 days after the initial immunization, the serum IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody levels in the high-dose WCDCP/OVA group were higher than those in the OVA group, the comparison respectively were 0.972 3±0.243 8 vs. 0.389 2±0.077 4 ( P<0.05), 1.156 0±0.088 4 vs. 0.612 6±0.059 7 ( P<0.001), 1.648 0±0.103 9 vs. 0.557 2±0.181 5 ( P<0.001), and the differences were statistically significant. High-dose WCDCP can significantly promote the proliferation of spleen cells induced by concanavalin A ( P<0.001) and lipopolysaccharide ( P<0.05). High-dose WCDCP/OVA group can significantly stimulate the activation ratio of T cell subsets in the spleen. The proportion of CD3 +CD8 + T cells in the high-dose WCDCP/OVA group [(10.83±0.44)%] was significantly higher than that in the OVA group[(6.76±0.58)%] ( P<0.01), and the proportion of CD3 +CD4 + T cells [(28.17±1.67)%] was also significantly higher than that in the OVA group [(19.17±2.73)%] ( P<0.05). WCDCP had no effect on body weight (all P>0.05) and growth of mice. Conclusions:WCDCP can enhance humoral immune response and cellular immune response, and has no side effect on the growth of mice, suggesting that WCDCP can be used as a potential adjuvant for OVA.
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Objective@#To investigate the enhancement effect of Xinjiang wild Artemisia rupestris L. crude polysaccharides (WARCP) as an adjuvant on ovalbumin (OVA) vaccine in mice immunized intramuscularly.@*Methods@#ICR mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (5 per group), including 9 g/L NaCl group (blank control), OVA group (10 μg OVA), low dose WARCP/OVA group (OVA+50 μg WARCP), medium dose WARCP/OVA group (OVA+200 μg WARCP), high dose WARCP/OVA group (OVA+400 μg WARCP), and aluminum adjuvant (Alum)/OVA group (positive control group, OVA+100 μg Alum). ICR mice were immunized intramuscularly and weighted. The OVA-specific antibodies and subtypes in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T cells subsets from spleen and lymph nodes were detected by flow cytometry.@*Results@#The medium-dose WARCP/OVA group enhanced IgG and IgG1 levels and increased early antibody levels (all P<0.05). The medium-dose WARCP/OVA group and the high-dose WARCP/OVA group significantly enhanced IgG2a levels (all P<0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant comparing with Alum/OVA group (P>0.05). The low-dose WARCP/OVA group enhanced the percentage of CD4+ T cells in spleen and CD4+ T, CD8+ T, CD4+CD44+ T cells in lymph nodes (all P<0.05). The medium dose WARCP/OVA group and the high dose WARCP/OVA group enhanced the CD4+ T, CD8+ T, CD4+CD44+ T, CD8+CD44+ T cells in spleen and CD8+CD44+ T cell in lymph nodes (all P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Plant-derived WARCP as an OVA protein vaccine adjuvant can enhance cellular immunity and humoral immunity, and it is safe and reliable. The results in this study provide a theoretical basis for the popularization and application of WARCP.
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Objective To investigate the enhancement effect of Xinjiang wild Artemisia rupestris L. crude polysaccharides (WARCP) as an adjuvant on ovalbumin (OVA) vaccine in mice immunized intramuscularly. Methods ICR mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (5 per group), including 9 g/L NaCl group (blank control), OVA group (10 μg OVA), low dose WARCP/OVA group (OVA+50 μg WARCP), medium dose WARCP/OVA group (OVA+200 μg WARCP), high dose WARCP/OVA group (OVA+400 μg WARCP), and aluminum adjuvant (Alum)/OVA group (positive control group, OVA +100 μg Alum). ICR mice were immunized intramuscularly and weighted. The OVA-specific antibodies and subtypes in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T cells subsets from spleen and lymph nodes were detected by flow cytometry. Results The medium-dose WARCP/OVA group enhanced IgG and IgG1 levels and increased early antibody levels (all P<0.05). The medium-dose WARCP/OVA group and the high-dose WARCP/OVA group significantly enhanced IgG2a levels (all P<0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant comparing with Alum/OVA group (P>0.05). The low-dose WARCP/OVA group enhanced the percentage of CD4+ T cells in spleen and CD4 + T, CD8+ T, CD4 +CD44 + T cells in lymph nodes (all P<0.05). The medium dose WARCP/OVA group and the high dose WARCP/OVA group enhanced the CD4 + T, CD8 + T, CD4 +CD44 + T, CD8 +CD44+ T cells in spleen and CD8+CD44+ T cell in lymph nodes (all P<0.05). Conclusions Plant-derived WARCP as an OVA protein vaccine adjuvant can enhance cellular immunity and humoral immunity, and it is safe and reliable. The results in this study provide a theoretical basis for the popularization and application of WARCP.
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Objective To study the effects of aqueous extracts of cultivated Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma (AECCD) on T cell responses and the duration of antibody response and to investigate its immunoen-hancing activities in mice. Methods Two batches of female ICR mice were used in this study with 30 from each batch. Each batch of mice was randomly divided into six groups (n=5). Low, medium and high doses of AECCD in combination with ovalbumin ( OVA) were used to set up three experimental groups, while 0. 9% NaCl, OVA alone and aluminium adjuvant were respectively used as blank, negative and positive controls. All mice were intramuscularly injected twice at an interval of two weeks. Flow cytometry was used to detect the ex-pression of T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines and surface molecules of dendritic cells (DC). Indirect ELISA was used to detect IgG antibody levels. Results AECCD could significantly increase the percentage of CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes in spleen (P<0. 05), up-regulate the expression of CD4+CD44+and CD8+CD44+effector T lymphocytes (P<0. 05), promote the secretion of IFN-γ in T lymphocytes and enhance the expression of CD40 and CD80 on the surface of DC (P<0. 05). ELISA results showed that high-dose AECCD could significantly prolong the duration of IgG antibody response induced by OVA (P<0. 05). Conclusion AECCD could en-hance the T lymphocyte immune response induced by OVA and keep it maintained at a high level, which might help to improve the body′s immune response.
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Objective To compare the immunopotentiating effects of polysaccharides extracted from wild/cultivate Cistanehe deserticola (WCDPS/CCDPS) in Xinjiang. Methods ICR mice were subcu-taneously injected twice with different doses(low,medium and high) of WCDPS and CCDPS in combination with ovalbumin (OVA). OVA-specific antibody IgG,as well as IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes, was determined by ELISA. OVA-specific lymphocyte proliferation was measured by MTT. Expression of CD4+T and CD8+T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Both WCDPS and CCDPS could significantly improve the production of OVA-specific IgG,IgG1 and IgG2a,promote the proliferation of OVA-specific lymphocytes and increase the expression of CD4+T and CD8+T cells(all P<0.05) with no significant difference between them at the same dosages (P>0.05). WCDPS and CCDPS had no influence on the body weight of mice after im-munization. Conclusion WCDSP and CCDPS could significantly enhance the OVA-specific humoral and cellular immune responses with no statistical difference and are characterized by high safety.
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To promote the development of the domestic community mental health services, this paper introduced several foreign studies on the competencies of community mental health service providers of different professional backgrounds. The studies examined by this article inquire into the core competencies of community mental health service providers working with people of psychiatric disabilities, the core competencies of psychiatrists providing integrated care in the community setting, the competencies of psychologists in community mental health service, and the competency level of community mental health service providers in intervention activities. Drawing on foreign experience and strengthening cooperation among community mental health service providers of different professional backgrounds, and achieving complementary advantages, will help to promote service effectiveness.
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Objective:To learn about the normativity and differences among regions and institutions of the fee of counseling and psychotherapy in China.Methods:The fee standards of 142 mental health service institutions released on their websites were collected through intemet query,the overall situation and the aspects of regions and instimtions of the fee of counseling and psychotherapy were analyzed and compared.Results:Ninety-one institutions set fee standards which had great disparity according to either the practitioner's professional ritles or their qualifications.Private institutions had a significant higher level of both the average minimum and maximum fees of interview counseling than public hospitals (Ps ＜0.00).The differences in the maximum fees of interview counseling among different regions were found to be statistically significant (P ＜ 0.001),the maximum fees of interview counseling in eastern areas were significantly higher than that in central and westem areas,the maximum fees of interview counseling in provincial cities were significantly higher than that in non-provincial cities (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:The currein fee of counseling and psychotherapy lacks overall regulations.The fee of counseling and psychotherapy should take an overall account of the nature of institutions,the regions,the qualifications of practitioners and the specific conditions of the clients so as to set proper fee standards,thereby promoting the development of mental health services.
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Objective To investigate the immunopotentiating effects of cultivated Cistanche deser-ticola (C.deserticola) crude polysaccharides (CCDCP) as an adjuvant on the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Methods Low,medium and high doses of CCDCP in combination with OVA were intramuscularly injected twice into ICR mice at an interval of two weeks,respectively. Aluminum adjuvant was used to set up positive control group. Levels of IgG,IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies were detected by ELISA. Splenocyte prolif-eration was detected by MTT assay. Growth conditions of the immunized mice were observed. Results IgG level was significantly increased in the high dose group 7 days after the first immunization(P<0.05),espe-cially on the 21st and 28th days (P<0.01) as compared with that of the aluminum adjuvant group. High dose of CCDCP in combination with OVA significantly up-regulated the levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in mice as compared with immunization with OVA alone (P<0.05). Moreover, IgG2a level in mice immunized with high dose of CCDCP and OVA was higher than that of the aluminum adjuvant group(P<0.05). Splenocyte proliferation was significantly enhanced in the medium and low dose groups in comparison with that of the OVA group (P<0.05) and the aluminum adjuvant group (P<0.01). No significant difference in mouse body weight was observed in different groups(P>0.05). Conclusion CCDCP as an adjuvant of OVA pro-tein vaccine can enhance Th1 and Th2 immune responses,especially the early antibody production and Th1 immune response. These results will provide some information for further studies of CCDCP as a vaccine ad-juvant.
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Objective To explore the application value of triggered angiography non-contrast enhanced (TRANCE) technology in diagnosing lower limb arterial occlusive disease.Methods Totally 22 lower limb arterial occlusive disease patients were randomly selected,and then underwent TRANCE and DSA examinations.The arteries from the abdomen to the lower limb were divided into abdominal aorta,common iliac artery,external iliac artery,internal iliac artery,superficial femoral artery,deep femoral artery,popliteal artery,anterior tibial artery,posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery.Totally 337 sections displayed clearly were chosen to go through examinations by TRANCE and DSA.Results Of the 337 sections there were 312 ones with the same stenoses found by TRANCE and DSA,TRANCE found 16 sections with worse stenoses and 9 milder ones than by DSA.There were 153 sections with the same moderate stenoses (≥50％) displayed by TRANCE and DSA;Of the 153 sections,there were 15 ones with worse stenoses and 6 ones with milder stenoses found by TRANCE than by DSA.Kappa value of the two methods was 0.905.Conclusion TRANCE technology is a non-invasive,safe and nonradiative diagnosing method for the lower limb arterial occlusive disease.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of using Xinjiang wild Artemisia rupestris L. crude polysaccharides ( WARCP) as an immunologic adjuvant for influenza virus vaccine( IVV) .Methods ICR mice were subcutaneously immunized with 0.3 μg of IVV and 1.5 μg of IVV alone or co-administered with 200 μg of WARCP on 0 d and 14 d.Antibody levels in serum samples were detected by using indirect ELISA.MTT method was used to measure the proliferation of splenocytes.The growth conditions of mice were observed as well.Results No significant differences in the body weight were observed between mice from different groups (P>0.05).The levels of influenza virus-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a were signifi-cantly increased in mice injected with WARCP adjuvant (P<0.05).The levels of IgG antibody in mice im-munized with low-dose of IVV and WARCP were significantly higher than those in mice immunized with high-dose of IVV alone (P<0.05), indicating at least 80% reduction in vaccine dosage by adding WARCP as adjuvant.Moreover, WARCP significantly promoted the proliferation of lymphocytes (P<0.05).Conclu-sion Adding WARCP to IVV enhanced the efficacy of IVV by boosting humoral and cellular immunity re-sponses with the advantages of high safety and dose-sparing.This study suggested the possibility of using WARCP as a novel immunologic adjuvant for influenza virus vaccine.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of using crude polysaccharides extracted from cultivated Artemisia rupestris L. ( CARCP) in Xinjiang as an immunologic adjuvant for ovalbumin ( OVA) . Methods The mice were subcutaneously immunized twice with OVA vaccine formulated with CARCP. ELISA assay was performed to measure the levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Flow cytometry analy-sis was performed to detect the percentages of different T lymphocyte subsets ( CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+T cells, CD4+CD44+ and CD8+CD44+T cells) in splenocytes as well as the expression of intracellular cyto-kines ( CD4+IFN-γ, CD8+IFN-γ) and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells. Results The levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in serum, the percentages of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD4+CD44+ and CD8+CD44+T cells as well as the ratio of CD4+/CD8+T lymphocytes increased significantly in mice immunized with OVA in combination with CARCP (P<0. 05). Moreover, CARCP enhanced the expression of CD4+IFN-γand CD8+IFN-γ( P<0. 05 ) , but inhibited the expression of CD 4+CD 2 5+Foxp 3+Treg cells ( P<0. 05 ) . Conclusion As an adjuvant for OVA, CARCP enhanced the humoral and cellular immune responses, especially the T cell immune responses.
