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1.
Health Psychol ; 32(5): 533-42, 2013 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23646836

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We tested a dual-process model based on behavioral and emotional regulation constructs, which posits that good self-control and poor regulation make independent contributions and have different types of pathways to outcomes. The utility of the model for predicting substance use was tested in two diverse populations of younger adolescents. METHOD: A survey was administered in classrooms to middle-school students in Westchester County, New York (N = 601) and Honolulu, Hawaii (N = 881). The New York sample was 8% African American, 5% Asian American, 47% Caucasian, 31% Hispanic, and 9% other ethnicity. The Hawaii sample was 21% Asian American, 8% Caucasian, 26% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 34% Filipino, and 10% other ethnicity. Structural equation modeling analyses tested pathways from the four regulation variables through six hypothesized mediators to a criterion construct of substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana). RESULTS: Results were replicated across samples and were consistent with prediction. Unique contributions were found for good self-control and poor regulation, including both behavioral and emotional aspects. Good self-control had an inverse effect on substance use primarily through relations to higher levels of protective factors (e.g., academic competence). Poor regulation independently had a risk-promoting effect on substance use through relations to higher levels of risk factors (e.g., negative life events). CONCLUSIONS: Two field studies showed the dual-process model is robust across different populations. Substance prevention programs should consider approaches for enhancing good self-control as well as procedures for reducing poor regulation and minimizing its impact. Extensions to health behaviors including dietary intake and physical activity are discussed.


Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Models, Psychological , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Adolescent , Cultural Diversity , Female , Hawaii , Humans , Impulsive Behavior , Internal-External Control , Male , New York , Self Concept
2.
Psychol Addict Behav ; 22(4): 459-71, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19071971

ABSTRACT

This study tested the prediction that self-control would have buffering effects for adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) with regard to 3 risk factors: family life events, adolescent life events, and peer substance use. Participants were a sample of public school students (N = 1,767) who were surveyed at 4 yearly intervals between 6th grade and 9th grade. Good self-control was assessed with multiple indicators (e.g., planning and problem solving). Results showed that the impact of all 3 risk factors on substance use was reduced among persons with higher scores on good self-control. Buffering was found in cross-sectional analyses with multiple regression and in longitudinal analyses in a latent growth model with time-varying covariates. Implications for addressing self-control in prevention programs are discussed.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/prevention & control , Internal-External Control , Marijuana Abuse/prevention & control , Smoking Prevention , Adolescent , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Child , Female , Humans , Life Change Events , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Marijuana Abuse/psychology , Peer Group , Problem Solving , Resilience, Psychological , Risk Factors , Smoking/psychology , Social Facilitation
3.
J Adolesc Health ; 41(6): 551-8, 2007 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18023783

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To test self-regulation concepts in relation to dietary intake and physical activity patterns in adolescence, which we predicted to be influenced by components of a self-control model. METHODS: A survey was conducted with a multiethnic sample of 9th grade public school students in a metropolitan area (N = 539). Confirmatory analysis tested the measurement structure of self-control. Structural equation modeling tested the association of self-control constructs with measures of fruit and vegetable intake, saturated fat intake, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. RESULTS: Confirmatory analysis of 14 indicators of self-control showed best fit for a two-factor structure, with latent constructs of good self-control (planfulness) and poor self-control (impulsiveness). Good self-control was related to more fruit and vegetable intake, more participation in sports, and less sedentary behavior. Poor self-control was related to more saturated fat intake and less vigorous exercise. These effects were independent of gender, ethnicity, and parental education, which themselves had relations to diet and exercise measures. Multiple-group modeling indicated that effects of self-control were comparable across gender and ethnicity subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Self-control concepts are relevant for patterns of dietary intake and physical activity among adolescents. Attention to self-control processes may be warranted for prevention programs to improve health behaviors in childhood and adolescence.


Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Diet/psychology , Exercise/psychology , Impulsive Behavior/psychology , Motor Activity , Adolescent , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dietary Fats , Female , Fruit , Health Behavior , Humans , Internal-External Control , Male , Models, Psychological , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urban Health , Vegetables
4.
Psychol Addict Behav ; 21(2): 205-15, 2007 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17563140

ABSTRACT

The authors tested a theoretical model of how self-control constructs are related to psychological symptomatology and variables that predispose to involvement versus noninvolvement in substance use: willingness to use, affiliation with peers who use, and efficacy for resisting use. Data were obtained from a sample of 332 children (mean age = 9.3 years) who were interviewed in households. Structural equation modeling showed that good self-control was related to more positive well-being and less externalizing symptomatology, whereas poor self-control was related to more externalizing and to more internalizing symptomatology. Externalizing had paths to willingness and peer use, well-being had inverse paths to these variables, and poor self-control had a direct effect to lower resistance efficacy. Multiple-group analyses indicated gender differences in paths from symptomatology to predisposing factors. Implications for understanding vulnerability to substance use are discussed.


Subject(s)
Internal-External Control , Peer Group , Self Concept , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Models, Psychological , Sex Factors
5.
Psychol Addict Behav ; 21(1): 84-96, 2007 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17385958

ABSTRACT

The authors tested hypothesized pathways from religiosity to adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) with data from samples of middle school (n = 1,273) and high school students (n = 812). Confirmatory analysis of measures of religiosity supported a 2-factor solution with behavioral aspects (belonging, attendance) and personal aspects (importance, value, spirituality, forgiveness) as distinct factors. Structural modeling analyses indicated inverse indirect effects of personal religiosity on substance use, mediated through more good self-control and less tolerance for deviance. Religiosity was correlated with fewer deviant peer affiliations and nonendorsement of coping motives for substance use but did not have direct effects on these variables. Parental support and parent-child conflict also had significant effects (with opposite direction) on substance use, mediated through self-control and deviance-prone attitudes. Implications for prevention research are discussed.


Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Religion , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Models, Theoretical , Parent-Child Relations , Parents , Students , Surveys and Questionnaires
6.
Health Psychol ; 26(1): 50-9, 2007 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17209697

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To test a theoretical model of how ethnic pride and self-control are related to risk and protective factors. DESIGN: A community sample of 670 African American youth (mean age = 11.2 years) were interviewed in households. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and sexual behavior (lifetime to past month). RESULTS: Structural modeling analyses indicated parenting was related to self-control and self-esteem, and racial socialization was related to ethnic pride. Self-control and self-esteem variables were related to levels of deviance-prone attitudes and to perceptions of engagers in, or abstainers from, substance use and sexual behavior. The proximal factors (behavioral willingness, resistance efficacy, and peer behavior) had substantial relations to the criterion variables. Participant gender and parental education also had several paths in the model. Results were generally similar for the 2 outcome behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, self-esteem and self-control are related to parenting approaches and have pathways to attitudes and social perceptions that are significant factors for predisposing to, or protecting against, early involvement in substance use and sexual behavior.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Drinking/ethnology , Black People/psychology , Family/psychology , Internal-External Control , Sexual Behavior , Smoking/ethnology , Social Identification , Socialization , Adolescent , Alcohol Drinking/prevention & control , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Child , Educational Status , Female , Georgia , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Models, Statistical , Parenting/psychology , Poverty/psychology , Risk Factors , Rural Population , Smoking/psychology , Smoking Prevention , Social Adjustment , Socioeconomic Factors
7.
Psychol Addict Behav ; 20(3): 265-78, 2006 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16938064

ABSTRACT

The authors tested how behavioral and emotional self-control are related to adolescent substance (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) use. Data were obtained from 489 middle school students and 602 high school students. Multiple indicators were developed for each domain of self-control, and confirmatory analyses were used to test the measurement structure of latent constructs. Results showed that the domains of behavioral self-control and emotional self-control were statistically distinct, and both were related to adolescent substance use. Structural modeling analyses indicated indirect effects for self-control constructs primarily through pathways to competence and recent events. In addition, poor behavioral control had a direct effect to deviant peer affiliations, and poor emotional control had a direct effect to coping motives for substance use. The results indicate that both types of self-regulation are relevant for adolescent substance use. Implications for prevention and treatment research are discussed.


Subject(s)
Expressed Emotion , Self Efficacy , Social Behavior , Social Control, Informal , Students/statistics & numerical data , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent , Child , Humans , Schools , Surveys and Questionnaires
8.
Psychol Addict Behav ; 18(2): 122-34, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15238054

ABSTRACT

This research tested comparative effects of parent and peer support on adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) with data from 2 assessments of a multiethnic sample of 1,826 adolescents, mean age 12.3 years. Multiple regression analyses indicated that parental support was inversely related to substance use and that peer support was positively related to substance use, as a suppression effect. Structural modeling analyses indicated that effects of support were mediated through pathways involving good self-control, poor self-control, and risk-taking tendency; parent and peer support had different patterns of relations to these mediators. The mediators had pathways to substance use through positive and negative recent events and through peer affiliations. Effects for gender and ethnicity were also noted. Mechanisms of operation for parent and peer support are discussed.


Subject(s)
Parent-Child Relations , Parents , Peer Group , Social Support , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Regression Analysis
9.
Health Psychol ; 23(2): 158-67, 2004 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15008661

ABSTRACT

Predictions from smoking-specific versus contextual models of smoking onset were tested with data from a 4-wave sample with 1,364 adolescents. Predictor variables were derived from stress-coping theory, social influence theory, and problem-behavior theory. In addition to groups of abstainers and experimenters, cluster analysis of smoking data indicated 3 groups who showed onset either in 7th grade (early onset), 9th grade (intermediate onset), or 10th grade (late onset). Almost all study variables discriminated the smoking groups from the abstainers. The onset groups were discriminated by Group X Time interactions showing differential changes in predictors (increases in risk factors and declines in protective factors), which occurred just prior to onset. The results generally support a contextual model of the onset process.


Subject(s)
Smoking/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior , Age of Onset , Child , Child of Impaired Parents/psychology , Humans , Life Change Events , Parents/psychology , Social Support , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires
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