ABSTRACT
Preeclampsia (PE) remains the major cause for maternal and foetal mortality and morbidity all over the world. Preeclampsia is associated with maternal, placental aggravated inflammatory response and generalized endothelial damage. AnnexinA1 (AnxA1) is glucocorticoid regulated protein regulates a wide range of cellular and molecular steps of the inflammatory response and is implicated in resolution of inflammation. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), ß-galcotoside-binding lectin participates in many functions, both intra- and extracellularly. Recently it has been shown that galectin-3 modulates the inflammation. Role of AnxA1 and Galectin-3 is poorly studied in context with human reproductive disease like Preeclampsia. Therefore, the present study examined the expression of AnxA1 and Gal-3 which are involved in modulation of inflammation and their association in the placental bed of pregnancy with and without PE. The study group consisted of placental bed biopsy tissues obtained from pregnancies with PE (n = 30) and without (n = 30) PE. The expression of AnxA1 and Gal-3 in the placental bed tissues was evaluated quantitatively using Immunohisto-chemistry (IHC), western blot and mRNA expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR. Our IHC, western blot and RT PCR analyses showed the increase in the expression of AnxA1 and Gal-3 in PE group compared with the normotensive control group (P < 0.001). The increased expression of AnxA1 and Gal-3 in placental bed may be associated with a systemic inflammatory response in PE, suggesting role of AnxA1 and Gal-3 in PE pathogenesis.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP) is a powerful indicator for respiratory muscle strength, which reflects the ability of a person to cough effectively. METHODS: The present study was designed on healthy respiratory symptom free children of a Residential - Sainik (50) and Non-Residential (44) school children (aged 12-14 yrs) of Bijapur, to evaluate MEP in relation to their physical anthropometry. MEP (mm Hg) was determined by using a modified Black's apparatus, which is significantly higher in Residential-Sainik school children in comparison to Non-Residential school children (p < 0.01). RESULTS: In both groups, MEP showed positive correlation with height (Residential, r = 0.72, p < 0.001; Non-Residential, r = 0.73, p < 0.001); weight (Residential, r = 0.73, p < 0.001; Non-Residential, r = 0.69, p < 0.001), BSA (Residential, r = 0.79, p < 0.001; Non-Residential, r = 0.72, p < 0.001) and BMI (Residential, r = 0.48, p < 0.01; Non-Residential, r = 0.34, p < 0.05), and also revealed a higher MEP in children with greater chest expansion. CONCLUSION: Possibly, routine physical exercise in residential Sainik school children attribute to their better respiratory muscle strength.
