Congenital heart disease in school children in Lagos, Nigeria: Prevalence and the diagnostic gap.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) in low-and-middle income countries (LMIC) is often characterized by late presentation resulting from inadequate screening and healthcare access in these regions. Accurate estimates of the burden of CHD among school children are often lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of CHD among school children in two communities (urban and semi-urban) in south western Nigeria. Using clinical assessment and portable echocardiography, 4107 school children aged 5 years to 16 years in Lagos, Nigeria, were selected using a multistage sampling procedure and screened for CHD. Diagnosis of CHD was made after echocardiography. Children identified with CHD were referred to a tertiary hospital for appropriate cardiac care. The 4,107 children screened had a mean age of 11.3 ± 2.7 years and 53.7% were females. Twenty seven children had echocardiography-confirmed CHD, representing a prevalence of CHD among school children in Lagos, Nigeria of 6.6 per 1000 children. Acyanotic CHD constituted 96.3% of detected cases. Two children diagnosed with CHD (Tetralogy of Fallot and severe pulmonary valve stenosis respectively) had successful intervention. The prevalence of previously undiagnosed CHD among school children in Lagos Nigeria is substantial and highlights gaps in the health care system and school health programs. Echocardiographic screening of school children provides an opportunity for missed early diagnosis and treatment of CHD and reduces the prevalence of first-diagnosed CHD in adulthood. Therefore, focused clinical examination of school children followed by echocardiography is a strategy that could bridge this diagnostic and treatment gap in CHD.

Echocardiographic screening of 4107 Nigerian school children for rheumatic heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: Echocardiographic screening for Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) in Africa has revealed prevalence rates in the range of 0.5-7.4%. There are no recent large population-based studies in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of RHD in a large sample of Nigerian school children. METHODS: Using portable transthoracic echocardiography and auscultation, school children aged 5 years to 16 years in Lagos, Nigeria were screened for RHD. Diagnosis was based on the 2012 World Heart Federation echocardiographic criteria. RESULTS: The 4107 children screened had mean age of 11.3 years (SD = 2.6) and 2206 (53.7%) were females. There were 38 children with abnormal echocardiograms, of which 11 (0.27%) showed RHD including two cases of definite RHD giving a prevalence of 2.7/1000 [2.9/1000 in the peri-urban, 2.4/1000 in the urban area). Echocardiography detected RHD 10 times better than auscultation [echocardiography 11 (0.27%) vs. auscultation 1 (0.02%); P = 0.003]. The remaining 27 children with abnormal echocardiograms had congenital heart defects (CHD) giving a prevalence of 6.6/1000 for CHD, a yield higher than for RHD. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of RHD among school children in Lagos, South West Nigeria is low compared to other African countries, possibly due to better access to medical care and antibiotic treatment for infections. Our data provides evidence that RHD prevalence may vary substantially within sub-Saharan Africa, necessitating targeted population-based sampling to better understand disease burden and distribution. Further work is needed to compare within- and between-country RHD prevalence as a basis for programme planning and control efforts.

OBJECTIF: Le dépistage échocardiographique de la cardiopathie rhumatismale (CR) en Afrique a révélé des taux de prévalence compris entre 0,5 et 7,4%. Il n'existe pas de grande étude récente de population au Nigéria. L'objectif de l'étude était de déterminer la prévalence de la CR dans un grand échantillon d'écoliers nigérians. MÉTHODES: A l'aide d'une échocardiographie et d'une auscultation trans-thoraciques portables, des écoliers âgés de 5 à 16 ans de Lagos, au Nigeria, ont été soumis à un dépistage de la CR. Le diagnostic reposait sur les critères échocardiographiques de la Fédération Mondiale du Cœur de 2012. RÉSULTATS: Les 4.107 enfants testés avaient un âge moyen de 11,3 ans (DS = 2,6) et 2.206 (53,7%) étaient de sexe féminin. Il y avait des échocardiogrammes anormaux chez 38 enfants, dont 11 (0,27%) présentaient une CR, y compris deux cas de CR bien définie, donnant une prévalence de 2,7/1000 [2,9/1000 dans les zones périurbaines, 2,4/1000 dans les zones urbaines). L'échocardiographie a détecté une CR 10 fois mieux que l'auscultation [échocardiographie 11 (0,27%) contre auscultation 1 (0,02%); p = 0,003]. Les 27 enfants restants dont les échocardiogrammes étaient anormaux avaient une cardiopathie congénitale (CHD), ce qui donnait une prévalence de 6,6/1.000 pour les cardiopathies congénitales, donnant une prévalence de 6,6/1000, un rendement supérieur à celui de la CR. CONCLUSION: La prévalence de la CR parmi les écoliers à Lagos, dans le sud-ouest du Nigéria, est faible comparée à celle d'autres pays africains, probablement en raison d'un meilleur accès aux soins médicaux et au traitement antibiotique contre les infections. Nos données fournissent des preuves que la prévalence de la CR peut varier considérablement en Afrique subsaharienne, nécessitant un échantillonnage ciblé de la population pour mieux comprendre la charge et la répartition de la maladie. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour comparer la prévalence de la CR intra- et inter pays en tant que base des efforts de planification et de lutte des programmes.

Nutritional Assessment and Maternal Perception of Toddler Body Size using Toddler Silhouette Scale in Nigeria a Developing Country.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The toddler silhouettes scales have been validated in the caucascian population in developing countries but in the African population, the use of these scales is yet to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the perception of mothers on the body size of toddlers using a validated scale in an African population. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study of 241 mothers and their toddlers. Study participants were recruited from the immunization and pediatric clinics. The mothers' perceptions of the body sizes of toddlers and their own child was determined with the use of a validated 7-scale toddler silhouette. Each mother also assessed their own child with the scale. Each child's anthropometry was documented. RESULTS: Majority of the mothers were able to correctly classify the underweight (95.0%) and overweight toddler silhouettes (95.7%). However, 30% of the respondents misclassified Silhouette 6 (overweight silhouette) as normal and 48.2% of the respondents misclassified a normal silhouette as underweight. The overall maternal accuracy in assessing their toddler size was 41.1%. There was a significant relationship between maternal accuracy and the maternal educational status, tribe, and toddler size. CONCLUSIONS AND GLOBAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: Toddler silhouette scales is a quick way of assessing the body size of children and could be of significant use in the developing countries. There is a need for caregivers to accurately assess the body size of their children as this will significantly influence the food mothers will give their children and thus children's eventual growth and development.

Pattern of Thyroid Disorders in Children and Adolescents Seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, Over a 10-year Period.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid disorders account for a large proportion of pediatric endocrine disorders. Untreated hypothyroidism in childhood has permanent adverse effects on physical, intellectual, and neurological development. However, few studies have reported the pattern of pediatric thyroid disorders in Nigeria. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to document the pattern of thyroid disorders in children and adolescents seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) over a 10-year period. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective descriptive study involving children with thyroid disorders seen from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2015. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients with thyroid disorders (0.13%) were seen out of 52,800 new cases (incidence of 1/1000 new cases) comprising 13.4% of 546 pediatric endocrine cases with a male:female ratio of 1:1.2. Median (range) age at presentation was 1.6 (0.001-14) years. Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) constituted a major proportion of cases (46.7%), with a median (range) age at presentation of 9 (1.5-24) months. Down syndrome constituted 45% of patients with CH with associated congenital heart defects in eight (53%) patients. Acquired hypothyroidism was seen in ten patients (five goitrous and five nongoitrous). Six patients had hypothyroidism associated with multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiency. Nine patients (all females) had hyperthyroidism with confirmed Graves' disease in 5 (55.6%), with mean age at presentation being 9.4 ± 2.09 years. Other conditions were euthyroid sick syndrome (2.8%), euthyroid goiter (1.4%), and acute thyroiditis (1.4%). Eight infants of mothers on treatment for hyperthyroidism ( first seen between the 7th h of life to 2 months of age) had transient hypothyroidism while one 8-day-old had transient hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSION: CH was the most common disorder encountered with late age at presentation. Routine newborn screening and maintaining a high index of suspicion are advocated.