A cross-sectional study on social determinants of mental health during COVID-19 among adults in California.

AIM: To explore the impact of structural and intermediary social determinants of health (SDoH) on Californian adults' mental health during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2020 cycle of the California Health Interview Survey, the largest US state-level population health survey. METHODS: Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyse the data. Using a general social determinant of health framework, we operationalized different survey questions to measure structural and intermediary determinants of mental health. RESULTS: Mental health during the early phase of COVID-19 among adults in California was associated with age, gender, health conditions, delayed care, employment status (loss of job or reduced income) and discrimination. People in higher social strata were more likely to have better mental health for many of these factors. CONCLUSION: This study supports the assertion that material circumstances (such as employment status) and discrimination are associated with experiencing mental health issues among adults in California during COVID-19. Racism is a public health issue, and as nurses, addressing racism is critical. In addition, much work is needed to address SDoH to improve health outcomes, especially among marginalized populations. IMPACT: This study addressed the knowledge gap concerning the social determinants of mental health among Californian adults during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Those who had reduced income and those who lost their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic were 46% and 56%, respectively, more likely to report mental health problems. Those who experienced discrimination in healthcare were 304% more likely to report mental health issues. This research will increase the understanding of the social determinants of health, particularly for those with chronic illnesses and mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution, as we used an existing US state dataset. However, California Health Interview Survey is the largest state health survey in the United States and interviews more than 20,000 households each year representing the health care needs of Californians.

Type 2 diabetes and depression in the African American population.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects 30.3 million people (9.4%) in the United States. African Americans are twice as likely to be diagnosed with diabetes and have two to four times the rates of T2DM-associated complications. Depression has long been associated with poor outcomes of diabetic self-management and glycemic control. Comorbidity of T2DM and depression worsen effective self-management of these conditions in the African American population. The purpose of the study was to synthesize the literature with practice recommendations of care related to T2DM and depression in the African American population. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PRISMA in June 2018 with PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, and PsycINFO databases using the years from 2008 through 2018. The following terms and combination of terms were used to identify articles for the review: (a) diabetes mellitus, type 2, (b) diabetes type 2 and depression, and (c) diabetes mellitus type 2, depression, African America. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of depression with T2DM in African Americans is about 25%. The quality of care received by African Americans is lower when compared with non-Hispanic Whites, resulting in more emergency department visits and fewer physician visits per year. African Americans require supportive and trusting collaboration with providers for the ongoing optimal management of these complex conditions. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Culturally relevant education on lifestyle modification may help mitigate barriers to management of T2DM and depression in the African American population. Using the diabetes self-management education/support to help empower African Americans may be essential for effective self-management strategies of T2DM and depression.