ABSTRACT
The storage of digital data is becoming a worldwide problem. DNA has been recognized as a biological solution due to its ability to store genetic information without alteration over long periods. The first demonstrations of high-capacity long-lasting DNA digital data storage have been shown. However, high storage costs and slow retrieval of the data must be overcome to make DNA data storage more applicable and marketable. Herein, we discuss the issues and recent advances in DNA data storage methods and highlight pathways to make this technology more applicable to real-world digital data storage. We envision that a combination of molecular biology, nanotechnology, novel polymers, electronics, and automation with systematic development will allow DNA data storage sufficient for everyday use.
Subject(s)
DNA , Information Storage and Retrieval , DNA/genetics , Nanotechnology , Polymers , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Natural DNA storage allows cellular differentiation, evolution, the growth of our children and controls all our ecosystems. Here, we discuss the fundamental aspects of DNA storage and recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on natural processes and solutions that can be exploited. We point out new ways of efficient DNA and nucleotide storage that are inspired by nature. Within a few years DNA-based information storage may become an attractive and natural complementation to current electronic data storage systems. We discuss rapid and directed access (e.g. DNA elements such as promotors, enhancers), regulatory signals and modulation (e.g. lncRNA) as well as integrated high-density storage and processing modules (e.g. chromosomal territories). There is pragmatic DNA storage for use in biotechnology and human genetics. We examine DNA storage as an approach for synthetic biology (e.g. light-controlled nucleotide processing enzymes). The natural polymers of DNA and RNA offer much for direct storage operations (read-in, read-out, access control). The inbuilt parallelism (many molecules at many places working at the same time) is important for fast processing of information. Using biology concepts from chromosomal storage, nucleic acid processing as well as polymer material sciences such as electronical effects in enzymes, graphene, nanocellulose up to DNA macramé , DNA wires and DNA-based aptamer field effect transistors will open up new applications gradually replacing classical information storage methods in ever more areas over time (decades).
ABSTRACT
A viral infection involves entry and replication of viral nucleic acid in a host organism, subsequently leading to biochemical and structural alterations in the host cell. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection, over-activation of the host immune system may lead to lung damage. Albeit the regeneration and fibrotic repair processes being the two protective host responses, prolonged injury may lead to excessive fibrosis, a pathological state that can result in lung collapse. In this review, we discuss regeneration and fibrosis processes in response to SARS-CoV-2 and provide our viewpoint on the triggering of alveolar regeneration in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/pathology , Lung/physiology , Regeneration , COVID-19/virology , Epigenomics , Fibrosis , Humans , Immune System/metabolism , MicroRNAs/metabolism , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
The field of nanotechnology elaborates the synthesis, characterization as well as application of nanomaterials. Applications of nanoparticles in various fields have interested scientists since decades due to its unique properties. Combination of pharmacology with nanotechnology has helped in development of newer antimicrobial agents in order to control the ever increasing multidrug resistant micro-organisms. Properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles like silver, gold, titanium dioxide as well as magnesium oxide as antimicrobial agents are very well known. This review elaborates synthesis methods and antimicrobial mechanisms of various metal as well as metal oxide nanoparticles for better understanding in order to utilize their potentials in various biomedical applications.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Metal Nanoparticles , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Gold , Silver/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using the white flower extract of Albizia lebbeck as a source of reducing and capping agents. A. lebbeck white flower extract and silver nanoparticles were checked for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Ba cillus subtilis by using Mueller Hinton agar, nutrient agar and Luria Bertani agar using the well diffusion method. The synthesized silver nanoparticles did not show antibacterial activity at lower (0.1-0.4 mg ml-1) or higher (0.5-2.5 mg ml-1) concentrations against any of the four organisms on either of the media, even though silver nanoparticles have been well known to show antibacterial activity even at lower concentrations. The non-antibacterial properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles against all four bacteria were confirmed using viability counting. With this unique non-antibacterial property of biogenous silver nanoparticles observed in this study, it can be stated that case by case evaluation of every synthesized silver nanoparticle needs to be done as there are multiple factors influencing their properties. Anticancer activity of these nanoparticles at different concentrations against A549 cancer cells did not show any significant decrease in cell viability highlighting its biocompatible nature. Thus, these silver nanoparticles can be a best suited candidate for drug delivery.
